如何学播音?

买包网 2023-03-03 18:09 编辑:admin 242阅读

对于很多热爱播音的人来说,学习播音不仅能让人具备更好的表达能力、思考能力、沟通能力、组织协调以及领导能力,而且学得好,可以实现当播音主持的梦想。那么如何学播音呢?

什么是播音

播音定义

播音的定义有广义和狭义的区分。

广义:指电台、电视台等电子传媒所进行的一切有关声音语言和副语言传播信息的活动。

狭义:播音员和节目主持人运用有声语言和副语言,通过广播电视传媒进行传播信息的创作。

播音的要求

发音正确,吐字正确。

用标准的普通话播读,特别要注意多音多义字,古诗文中特别要注意按意定音。不添字不少字不读破句,朗读清晰完整。

语速适当,用心感受

要抓住文章特点,使节奏流利和谐,缓急结合。

语调生动,轻重适宜

根据需要,分出轻重缓急,分清抑扬顿挫,表达出文章的思想感情。

播音学习技巧

对播音员而言,具备良好的语言表达能力犹如进入这一行的钥匙,假如无法打开这道门,就无法担任播音主持的工作。想要具备娴熟的语言表达能力、专业化的播音能力,就需播音员通过长时间努力练习及不断探索

普通话标准

普通话标准是播音主持上岗的基本条件,如何达到普通话标准呢?主要可以从以下几个方面着手。

声母

声母包含b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、z、c、s、zh、ch、shi、r

声母按发音部位的分7类:

1、双唇阻:上唇与下唇成阻。下唇向上运动与上唇接触,双唇闭拢成阻。双唇阻声母有b、p、m。

2、唇齿阻:上门齿与下唇成阻。上唇稍抬,稍露出上齿,下唇向上,唇缘线与上门齿靠拢、接触成阻。唇齿阻声母有f。

3、舌尖前阻:舌尖与上门齿背成阻。舌尖平伸,与上门齿背接触或接近成阻。舌尖前阻声母有z、c、s。

4、舌尖中阻:舌尖与上门齿龈成阻。舌尖向前上方抬起与上门齿龈接触、抵住成阻。舌尖中阻声母有d、t、n、l。

5、舌尖后阻:舌尖与前硬腭成阻。舌体稍向后缩,舌尖向上方翘起,与硬腭前部接触或接近成阻。舌尖后阻声母有zh、ch、sh、r。

6、舌面阻:舌面前部与硬腭前部成阻。舌尖向下前伸抵住下齿背,舌面向上抬起,接触或接近硬腭前部成阻。舌面阻声母有j、q、x。

7、舌根阻:舌根与硬腭软腭交界处成阻。舌体后缩,舌根隆起与硬腭和软腭交界处接触或接近成阻。舌根阻声母有g、k、h。

韵母

按汉语语音学的传统分析方法,把汉语音节中声母以后的部分叫韵母。韵母由单元音或复合音充当,普通话中有39个别韵母。

1、10个单韵母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前)、-i(后)、er

2、13个复韵母:ai、ei、ao、ou、ia、ie、ua、uo、üe、iao、iou、uai、uei

3、16个鼻韵母8前8后:an、en、in、ün、ian、uan、üan、uen、

ang、eng、ing、ong、iong、iang、uang、ueng

调值

声调是汉语音节结构中不可缺少的成分,它同声母、韵母一样,有区别意义的作用。

调值是指音节声调的相对音高。调值通常采用“五度标记法”记录,用一条竖线表示声音的高低,从下面最低点到最高点共分为五度,分别用1、2、3、4、5依次表示。

普通话各类声调的调值为:

阴平:高平调,55

阳平:高升调,35

上声:降升调,214

去声:全降调,51

练习方法

1、练习绕口令

通过绕口令练习,可以提高口语能力,把握住文字发音音准,学好拼音字母,掌握发音部位,反复进行训练,让自己普通话的发音准确度更高。

2、制定训练计划

要有计划的进行普通话训练,了解自己的基础,制定合理的计划,规定每天的练习量,以周为单位,在不断训练中查找不足,并不断提升。

3、掌握训练要领

坚持用普通话进行日常会话,可以读一些报纸上的文章,或者拿出词典,多多进行发音练习,提高发音准度。

气息控制

气息控制是播音从业人员需要达到的最基本要求。

播音发声气息的要求

一、持久的气息控制能力

气息控制是作为一个播音员的基本的条件,如果播音员播一篇长篇的稿件时要求声音由始至终保持一定力度,不减不衰,从容不迫,这就要求对气息有持久的控制能力。

二、气息控制要有稳劲儿

播音员要根据节目内容的要求调节气息压力,该强就强、该弱就弱,吸气量要大于日常说话,呼气时要保持较为稳定的压力,调节自如。

三、能做到快吸慢呼,并能根据需要及时补气

播音语言,一般句子长度比口语长,结构比较复杂,间歇比口语少而短。要把每个句子播得完整而有层次,就需要按照句子结构用气,绝不能因气不够用而停下来吸气,要求播音员呼气的持续时间要尽量长,而且要掌握在句子进行中补气、偷气的技巧。

四、做到短时间无声吸气

即要求播音员能作较长时间的呼气及保持一定的气息压力,吸气量就必须比平常大一些,吸气速度快一些,播音员依靠话筒传声,话筒灵敏度高,很容易混入吸气的杂音。而吸气杂音多,会给人不从容的感觉,甚至会使人厌烦。因而,播音员必须学会在短时间内吸气无声。

五、呼气时要注意的两点

1、尽量保持两助张开支撑感(实际仍会塌下收回一些)。

2、着重体会,在这种呼吸肌的配合中、靠腹肌收缩往外送气流的感觉。这一步练习主要体会胸腹联合式呼吸方式中,腹肌参与吸气、呼气控制、特别是收腹呼气的感觉。随着呼吸控制能力及隔肌与腹肌配合能力的增强,吸气量可加大到八、九成满,只需注意呼气时,仍不要有明显地“扼喉”感。

播音发声气息控制具体实施方法

没有气息,声带不能颤动发声。但只是声带发出声音是不够的。想要嗓音富于弹性、耐久,需要的是源源不断供给声带气流。

一、胸腹联合呼吸法

吸气后两肋扩大,横膈膜下降,小腹微收。胸腹联合呼吸法是朗读时应该掌握的方法。这种呼吸活动范围大、伸缩性强,可以使气息均匀平衡。理想的状态是做到“吸气一大片、呼气一条线;气断情不断,声断意不断”。

练习方法:

1、慢吸慢呼,双目平视前方、头正、肩放松,像在旷野呼吸花香一样,慢慢吸足气。要感觉到腰腹之间充气膨胀,气入丹田,但是要收小腹,保持几秒后,轻缓呼出。

可以在呼气的时候加入以下练习:呼气时练习xiao lan(拼音小兰),一声声渐渐远去,或者数数1、2、3、4……,嘴上用力,发音之间不要闭住声门,不要跑气换气,数得越多越好。

2、快吸慢呼,快速短促地吸气,并保持气息,呼气时缓缓呼出,配合声音,平稳均匀。

呼气时,可以通过以下发声练习:巴、拔、把、爸、低、答、底、大。

换气时,可以进行以下练习:广场上,红旗飘,看你能数多少旗,一面旗、两面旗、三面旗、四面、五面旗……,相声小品里的“数来宝”经常用这个形式,大家可以观察演员的呼吸。

二、强控制练习

要求气要吸得深并保持一定量,呼气要均匀、通畅、灵活。强控制练习需要一点声乐练习知识,在这里不好介绍。大家可以回想:《智取威虎山》里杨子荣喝酒唱歌那一段,最后结尾有个“啊—哈、哈、哈、哈哈哈……”基本的感觉就是这样。要体会膈肌和腹肌的作用,发声的时候气息是应该下沉的。

参考练习诗词:岳飞《满江红》、毛泽东《忆秦娥·娄山关》、陈然《我的“自白”书》,新闻联播播音员在播报简讯的时候,一般都用强控制。

三、弱控制练习

1、吸气深呼气匀。缓慢持续地发出ai、uai、uang、iang四个音。

2、夸大声调,延长发音,控制气息。花红柳绿H—ua、H—ong、L—iu、L—v(发音时,声母和韵母之间气息拉长,要均匀、不断气)。

3、通过夸大连续,控制气息,扩展音域。

参考练习诗词:李白《静夜思》、孟浩然《春晓》等。气息控制训练可以把握“深(吸得深)、匀(呼得匀)、通(气通畅)、活(用灵活)”四字方针,注意气息和内容的结合。单纯的语音、气息训练效果并不好,需要大家在实际朗读过程中不断体会、运用。

共鸣控制

共鸣对于播音发声的重要性体现在播音是以言语发声的过程,要想声音圆润集中,需要改变共鸣条件。

共鸣控制要领

根据解剖学原理,共鸣器官能够受控并随意活动的是软腭、咽部和舌部,共鸣控制主要关注这三部门肌肉的活动组成结果。

1、提起颧肌

颧肌稍带紧张感,使该部位肌肉向外上方稍稍提起,这就是提颧肌。提颧肌能使我们的发音更清晰、明亮。

2、打开牙

指双侧上后槽牙保持向上提起的感觉。这样就加大了口腔开度丰富了共鸣。考生可以用含有“Q”的音节来做夸张的练习,将会取得明显效果。

3、放松下巴

下巴紧张会导致舌根和喉头的紧张,进而导致发声吃力,声音也将发紧,有意的放松下巴就会使我们的发声吐字更加自如。

共鸣分类及训练

1、口腔共鸣:口腔共鸣的获得是要在发音时,口腔自然上下打开,笑肌微提,下腭自然放下稍后拉,上腭有上提的感觉。口腔共鸣发声最主要的一点,是发声的时候鼻咽要关闭,不产生鼻泄露。

通过下列练习大家可以体会一下,基本都是以开口元音为主练习:ba、da、ga、pa、ta、ka、peng、pa、pi、pu、pai。普通话的四个声调,准确的叫法是第一声—阴平,第二声—阳平,第三声—上声,第四声—去声。我们在进行声音训练的时候,多用阴平声调进行,这样有利于体会声音和气息。

词组练习:澎湃、冰雹、拍照、平静、批评,哗啦啦、噼啪啪、咣啷啷、扑嗵嗵、胡噜噜、快乐、宣纸、挫折、菊花、捐助、吹捧。

绕口令:山上五株树,架上五壶醋,林中五只鹿,柜中五条裤,伐了山上树,取下架上醋,捉住林中鹿,拿出柜中裤。

2、鼻腔共鸣:鼻腔共鸣是声波在鼻骨上的振动,即将声音的焦点定位在鼻腔。

鼻腔共鸣是通过软腭来实现的,标准的鼻辅音m,n和ng就是这样发声的。有人觉得鼻音重显得声音好听、有厚度,但是过多的鼻音有如感冒,是不好的。发a、i、u的音,加点鼻腔共鸣体会,加鼻辅音ma、mi、mu、na、ni、nu。

词组练习:妈妈、光芒、中央、接纳、头脑。

蓝蓝的天上白云飘,白云下面马儿跑,挥动鞭儿响四方,百鸟齐飞翔。

3、胸腔共鸣:是指声带振动激起气管内空气柱振动而传送到肺再扩及整个胸腔引起共振产生的整个共鸣包括横隔膜以上至气管顶端的整个脑区。

胸腔的空间及共鸣能量大,发出的声音有深度和宽度,声音更浑厚、宽广。“a”元音直上、直下、滑动练习。词组练习:百炼成钢、翻江倒海、追悔莫及。

小柳树满地栽,金花谢,银花开。

声音的弹性

声音弹性,是指播音时声音形式对不同播讲内容和形式的适应能力。声音弹性包括声音的高与低、强与弱、实与虚、明与暗、刚与柔、厚与薄、纵与收等多层次对比变化。

声音弹性的特点

1、可变性,不同语调和情感。

2、对比性,有起有伏。

3、复合性,不会单独存在,是多种结合的,如虚低,高实。

声音弹性训练方法

1、虚实练习

虚实练声方法是:吸一口气,然后屏住呼吸,让声门保持在闭合状态,开始发音,此时声音是响亮的实声。然后逐渐打开声门,声音由明亮到柔和的音色变化,这个时候注意体会喉咙的感觉,刚柔、厚薄、明暗等变化。

2、高低声练习

a、i、u由低音向上滑动,再从高音向下滑动。

这个练习主要可以锻炼自己对于音色的精细识别能力和控制能力,可以在自己不断的练习中感受。可以进行不同音高的朗读练习。用一句话,或一首诗,变化着不同的音高来进行练习。

如:“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”

先用习惯音高朗读一遍,然后逐渐降低音调朗读,读到不太能胜任的音高时又逐渐提高音调读,也是读到自己还能胜任的最高音为止。

3、强弱练习

远距离对话练习,练习时随时改变距离。

甲:喂—,喂—,小芳—

乙:嗳—

甲:快—来—啊—

乙:怎么了—呀—

甲:一起去看—电—影—吧

乙:好—啊!

夸张声音练习法:注意加大运动幅度,用丹田气发声。

快板是最明显的例子,想象说快板的演员发声的状态,自己找一段快板试试,体会声音的弹性。

4、练唱音阶法

声音音高与声带张力成正比例。

如果想提高音高,就须加强声带张力。反之则减弱。所以,进行音高的变化练习能有效地发展和增强声带伸缩变化的控制能力。

其中最有效的练习办法是利用钢琴来练唱音阶,在自己力所能及的音域内半度半度地下降,半度半度地上升,进行反复练习。没有条件的则可借鉴京剧演员喊嗓子的练声法,做绕音练习,从基础音开始,逐渐地向高、低音两头扩展。

发音中的情声气

语言是传递信息和交流思想情感的工具,存在于人际交流的有声语言情感,语声和气息是一个系统中的几个方面。

情:是指在播音过程中播音员服务于播,讲目的由具体稿件或者话题引发,并由有声语言表达出来,始终运动着情感情,情我们进行播音创作的依据。

声:声是播音员依据稿件或话题,使发声器官运用播音技巧所发出的表达思想情感包含大量信息,并通过电声设备进行传播,经过科学训练的规范化艺术化的有声语言。

气:气指的是在播音过程中未时有声,语言传情达意,播音员所控制自如使用胸腹式联合呼吸法所获得的发生动力。

情声气要求

1、情感需要具备最丰富的并能随时调动起来的思想情感,一方面播音员节目主持人要不断的加强自己的修养,锻炼和培养自己的政治艺术素养,使自己具备宽广的胸怀、纯真的情操、美好的憧憬、深邃的境界、蓬勃的志趣、灵动的活力等等,另一方面调动起来的运动者的思想情感一定要服从于稿件或话题的界定,服务于播讲目的。

2、对声音的要求是要能够充分的表达各类不同稿件所确定的不同层次,不同色彩的情感,能清晰明确的传递稿件所载有的所有信息,并具有各自声音形象特点。

3、播音发声对气息的要求是能符合播音员进行播音创作的要求,有一定力度呼吸控制自如完美的配合发声的气息。

总之,情感要取其高声音要取其中气息,要取其深以达到自整,腔圆清晰持久,刚柔自如声情并茂的境地。

发声练习常见的问题及矫正方法

虚声过多

主要表现:声音不实在,有些无力,没有足够的亮度和响度。

矫正方法:虚声过多的学生,要注意锻炼唇舌的力度,练习一些响亮实在的词语和绕口令,如“百步穿杨”“中国伟大”等力度较大的词组,以及绕口令《八百标兵》《白庙和白猫》等。新闻播音当中,基本以实声为主,一般不出现虚声,而且换气声不要太大。

声音过于靠后

主要表现:声音沉重,不明亮。发声过程中也容易疲劳和不适。

矫正方法:注意“两头紧中间松”,口腔和小腹加强控制,喉部保持松弛。舌根要灵活,不要太生硬。注意与口腔共鸣的调节方法相结合。

鼻音偏重

主要表现:声音暗淡,不响亮,影响语言的清晰度。

矫正方法:注意软腭挺起,牙关打开,减少过多的气流经过鼻腔。克服口腔、双唇的无力状态,保持积极的播音状态,不可过于懒散。

声音分散

主要表现:声音不集中,不饱满,冲击力不强。

矫正方法:在发声的时候注意嘴唇中间三分之一部分用力,力量不可过于分散。注意气流冲击硬腭前端,也就是我们说的声挂硬腭,使声音更集中,更有冲击力。

缺乏弹性

主要表现:声音缺乏变化,没有抑扬顿挫的对比。

矫正方法:加强对比训练,包括高与低,快与慢的对比训练等。高与低的训练,可以练习声音的爬高与降低。比如“伟大的祖国,伟大的人民”这句话,可以先逐渐升高地说,然后再逐级下降地说,体会声音的高低变化,丰富声音的层次。快与慢的训练,可以用不同速度来说一句话。比如“班干部不管班干部”这句话,可以分别用快速和慢速来练习,体会快与慢的变化。声音弹性的获得还需要情感的支撑,加强情声气结合。

日常学习方法

朗读朗诵

读书,大声读书。天天坚持朗读文章,既训练咬字敏捷清楚,又能掌握更多文学常识,更关键的是对播音大有益处,清喉扩胸,纳乾坤之气,成皓然之身。需要多读相关著作文章,每日坚持朗读三十分钟以上。

录像练习

倘若时间需要,每过一阵子,把声音和演讲内容进行视频拍摄,接着反复观看,探讨哪里存在问题导致卡壳,姿势和神情是否不自然,久而久之,口才以及心态表现都会有明显进步。

速读

找来一则演说稿或一则其辞优美散文片段。先把原文中不明白的字、词弄明白,接着开始朗读。通常刚开始朗读速率比较慢,之后逐次逐次加快,直到你能够做到的最快速率。朗读过程中不可以有间断,读音要准确无误,咬字要清楚,要尽可能保证发音的完整。速读一定要建立在咬字清楚、读音干净整齐的前提上。大伙儿都有听过体育频道的解说员的解说,他们的解说就让人有快而不乱的感觉,每个字、每个音都发得十分清楚,没有含混不清的地方。播音希望做到的快也就是这种快,咬字清楚,而不是只为快而快。

即兴读物

日常余暇时,随意拿张旧报纸,随机翻到一段话,接着一鼓作气读下来。在朗读过程中,尽量控制上半句看稿子,下半句离开稿子看前面(假设前面有听众)。长此以往能加强记忆力,提高理解和即兴构思能力。

转述法

转述法就是把他人说的话重新地讲述一次。需要找一位伙伴一同进行。第一步,请另一方随便讲一个话题,亦或是故事。自己需注意聆听。然后再向另一方转述一次。练习在于训练语言的衔接性、实地临场发挥能力以及语言表达组织能力。倘若能面对观众转述就更佳,还能够训练你的胆量,摆脱焦虑不安心理。

模仿

大多数人自小便会模仿父母或大人说话。实际上模仿的过程也是一种学习。儿时学讲话是向父母及身边人学习。那么,练习口才同样也可以利用模仿法,对有相关专场的人模仿,如电视主持。久而久之,口语表达能力也会有所提高。

①模仿特定个人。生活上找一位语言表达能力强的人,请他讲些精彩说话,拍摄下来,供你进行模仿。也可以把你喜欢又适合模仿的主播、艺人、相声家等的表演记录下来进行模仿。

嗓音的保护

科学练声

1、练声过程必须按照:“以情带声、以声传情、以情运气、气随情动;以情用声、声随情变;声情并茂、传情达意”的要求来进行。

2、在练习时,要注意发“暖声”,状态应该积极热情,面部呈“似微笑”状。同时还应该把握住练声的顺序,那就是—声音由小到大、由弱渐强、由低至高、由近及远、由实转虚、由短到长、由柔到刚。有些人在用声时喉部负担过重,有的胸口僵硬、气息沉不下来,还有的人声音过刚过直等等,这类要尽快改掉毛病,掌握科学的发声方法,通过大量练习完成量变到质变的过程。

3、避免超时超量超负荷运作,一般来说,晨练控制在20分钟至半小时为宜,主要目的是把嗓子练开、练舒服,切不可盲目加大嗓音运动量。在嗓音疲劳的时候,可以用气泡音来帮助消除疲劳。气泡音是弱气流冲击声带,声带在压力最自然的状态下发出的音,是一种很好的声带保健方法。

它的具体做法是这样的,喉要放松,喉结处于适中的位置,气吸到五到七成,发出比较明亮的颗粒性比较强的气泡音。最好以“啊”音的延长音作为练习材料【a----------】【a----------】【a-------------】。如果一时发不好,可以反复做几次伸舌的动作,把舌头用力地向外伸,张大口,这样可以起到调节喉结紧张度的作用。在喉部松弛的情况下再来发音。气泡音在练声前发可以起到活动开声带的作用,在练声后发能起到保健按摩的作用。在练声前后常做此练习可以有效的提高发声的效率。

日常注意事项

1、根据自身的嗓音条件,扬长避短、量力而行、循序渐进、持之以恒。一般来说,只要方法科学,练习得法,好嗓子是可以练出来的。

2、增强体育锻炼。发音器官健康与否,很大程度上取决于身体的健康状况。对于播音员主持人以及其他学习者来说,适当的增强耐力性的体育锻炼,例如跑步等等,能有效地提高我们呼吸肌肉群对于气息的控制力,从而大大提高发声的效率。

3、睡眠要充足,睡眠不足会引起声带充血、喉肌疲劳,致使声音黯淡嘶哑。

4、养成良好的生活习惯、饮食习惯。要避免烟酒刺激,抽烟会使声带粘膜干燥、充血、肥厚,使喉下分泌物增多,从而引起声音变低、音色昏暗沙哑等等。饮酒除了辛辣对喉部的直接刺激以外,还会使大脑以及发声器官功能失调。进行嗓音工作前半小时最好不要吃油腻的食品,否则容易造成嗓子不清爽、发粘。

5、女生例假期间,不要高声练习,最好少用嗓,因为这期间往往伴随声带充血、水肿,如果高声练习,容易产生声带小结。这时可以做些无声练习,例如唇舌力量、口腔开合度以及气息训练等等。

6、剧烈运动后不宜喝冷饮。人在运动时,声带处于发热充血状态。这时如果喝冷饮,声带遇冷会不正常收缩,长此以往,容易引起声带的病变。

总之,好的嗓子是按照科学的方法,经过严格的训练得来的。使用与保护是同时进行的,切不可盲目使用而不去保护,长此以往,声音变坏,甚至患严重喉疾病,被迫离开播音主持岗位,就很可惜了。

心理素质的培养

1、播音主持人在紧张的压力下会出现一系列相应的系统变化,如声带绷紧导致声音变高、变窄、声音抖动,呼吸急促导致气浅气浮;身体姿势和动作会发生变化,协作变得不自然,笨拙甚至僵硬;思维也会变得混乱等。

2、良好的心理素质是播音主持人需要具备的职业素养之一。在播音前,首先要克服紧张的情绪。紧张的情绪很多时候是自信心不足造成的,要增强自信心就需要播音主持人对节目的全过程有总体的把握,同时对可能出现的问题要考虑周全,设定出应对措施。

3、在发声时,让声音准确、清晰、流畅,富于表现力和感染力的前提是优秀的心理素质。充足的自信心可以鼓舞士气,使身心处于亢奋状态,促使大脑的积极思考,反应敏捷。

学习途径

大学

在播音领域排名第一的是中国传媒大学,其次是浙江传媒大学,如果有志于学习播音的同学,可以以上面两所学校,作为自己的目标。

校外的实体学校

因为播音方面的学习,不像英语班或者学生学习的补习班那样的普及,这方面的学校一个省也就那么几个吧,不是太多的,非常的稀少,而这方面的市场需求又很大,所以这一块学习的相关支出是非常大的。

自学

自学播音主持是可以的,但是比较难,需要找对方法并认真学习。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于很多热爱播音的人来说,学习播音不仅能让人具备更好的表达能力、思考能力、沟通能力、组织协调以及领导能力,而且学得好,可以实现当播音主持的梦想。那么如何学播音呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQ0mCi6QmeCiEVCoSASpSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"什么是播音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8IQos808SykemqDi6GcUKh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8e02Ya0aGosMFKSZ346xe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音的定义有广义和狭义的区分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm0eIq2kiOeo6w6lSRd6NwM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"广义:指电台、电视台等电子传媒所进行的一切有关声音语言和副语言传播信息的活动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48WCsaAiy4gIUVUbJkINTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"狭义:播音员和节目主持人运用有声语言和副语言,通过广播电视传媒进行传播信息的创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkcCIoUgOigQeA6kdlw1od"},,"attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音定义","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e20e7d8dca3dc289c4266","width":1036},"text":"","id":"doxcnmOsCGeEoYkygQFqJ58ebJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8yaaCGiSieIIJTcnR81ee"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音的要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8gAUicKiiYgeMU6mea4gvR"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音正确,吐字正确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQyW8M8oKOAcOQh6UIbzoCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用标准的普通话播读,特别要注意多音多义字,古诗文中特别要注意按意定音。不添字不少字不读破句,朗读清晰完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG48AuiWgcGaiOSg5eReJ4g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"语速适当,用心感受","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48sqQ6QQuMGsKLM1WtQiW6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要抓住文章特点,使节奏流利和谐,缓急结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8k0UceYa04acJxxeh2K5FT"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"语调生动,轻重适宜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmOKoyIC6OO4OYjqTU0yeie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据需要,分出轻重缓急,分清抑扬顿挫,表达出文章的思想感情。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu0MsKoIkCECwo7RXn1VK9b"},,"attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"语调生动,轻重适宜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2a376655c146424dbb5ccb8fc1381c1f","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnEWuQCyewgEawHVyXrWOgE7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCU4aoieqyOaYNHTKq0Qnhu"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音学习技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGqIaoCqOguoyus43oK0ib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对播音员而言,具备良好的语言表达能力犹如进入这一行的钥匙,假如无法打开这道门,就无法担任播音主持的工作。想要","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"具备娴熟的语言表达能力、专业化的播音能力,就需播音员通过长时间努力练习及不断探索","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyOyqEQ6w06UD7S02oUvkq"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Qi8wiaAOqOo2VIFEvwSrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话标准是播音主持上岗的基本条件,如何达到普通话标准呢?主要可以从以下几个方面着手。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsq2s6A00OGuAwf9cS66pXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuYse8e4a42yaCwMtn8jqPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母包含b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、z、c、s、zh、ch、shi、r","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAQsMAwgoyMq687kEaCpoye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母按发音部位的分7类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniuQ2syuUWKGAaWD98guzVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、双唇阻:上唇与下唇成阻。下唇向上运动与上唇接触,双唇闭拢成阻。双唇阻声母有b、p、m。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSqWCIoA6wSae4H8sy3hjR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、唇齿阻:上门齿与下唇成阻。上唇稍抬,稍露出上齿,下唇向上,唇缘线与上门齿靠拢、接触成阻。唇齿阻声母有f。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWWcgU068iKcysHNQZEz1ib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、舌尖前阻:舌尖与上门齿背成阻。舌尖平伸,与上门齿背接触或接近成阻。舌尖前阻声母有z、c、s。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMEggASY02SsGK4rdtOCOmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、舌尖中阻:舌尖与上门齿龈成阻。舌尖向前上方抬起与上门齿龈接触、抵住成阻。舌尖中阻声母有d、t、n、l。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWSGcGwAAMiuEsdrMzC8yEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、舌尖后阻:舌尖与前硬腭成阻。舌体稍向后缩,舌尖向上方翘起,与硬腭前部接触或接近成阻。舌尖后阻声母有zh、ch、sh、r。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIyQsuYw4a20CaOiAsIbMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、舌面阻:舌面前部与硬腭前部成阻。舌尖向下前伸抵住下齿背,舌面向上抬起,接触或接近硬腭前部成阻。舌面阻声母有j、q、x。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqm2CC8ckE62WO42xKGUmDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、舌根阻:舌根与硬腭软腭交界处成阻。舌体后缩,舌根隆起与硬腭和软腭交界处接触或接近成阻。舌根阻声母有g、k、h。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUwIC8CCoyYaknQTBP6hJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"韵母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniOwEISookeekyUntzscm2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按汉语语音学的传统分析方法,把汉语音节中声母以后的部分叫韵母。韵母由单元音或复合音充当,普通话中有39个别韵母。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6IuOgmqa6Y068bp5Mab5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、10个单韵母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前)、-i(后)、er","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQUUUCugmG8i0UUx3QGqmfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、13个复韵母:ai、ei、ao、ou、ia、ie、ua、uo、üe、iao、iou、uai、uei","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22GqeKsko8EK41ykNGsbnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、16个鼻韵母8前8后:an、en、in、ün、ian、uan、üan、uen、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqUywGIy0a8MUzVfadKEsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ang、eng、ing、ong、iong、iang、uang、ueng","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYEaiOiMqes0ukp8w2M9oTb"},,"attrs":{"height":537,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"韵母","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20cb2f4943434647bd64a1f6060e4a2e","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnuEycEq8c06M0oXfPEsSude"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOIKuiEGa8M6ScJ1vNqxWaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声调是汉语音节结构中不可缺少的成分,它同声母、韵母一样,有区别意义的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOuGGCWww6SCE4GaNFMg3Q6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调值是指音节声调的相对音高。调值通常采用“五度标记法”记录,用一条竖线表示声音的高低,从下面最低点到最高点共分为五度,分别用1、2、3、4、5依次表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoSyWCeY8482KQ0Bx604vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话各类声调的调值为:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnickoGMCqm2EIyeqeya43Xf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阴平:高平调,55","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUGKOw8Igu8gQcQaJKBWFrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳平:高升调,35","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWaOYeSM0yM2OmWa9prVTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上声:降升调,214","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGguGKSWm8EUIsTYKLq9ijf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去声:全降调,51","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2g2S0sGum20w6xlg07JKKe"},,"attrs":{"height":570,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调值","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/24e822024d284a1891f388f97908f858","width":828},"text":"","id":"doxcnMsQoYYWGaCw4uAPNN73rzb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUeCUciKeKYOkBnha4sR0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、练习绕口令","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnss6IiqIu0AmsGSYeqYeich"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过绕口令练习,可以提高口语能力,把握住文字发音音准,学好拼音字母,掌握发音部位,反复进行训练,让自己普通话的发音准确度更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmycM24CiKY6QsM8Y9yiVhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、制定训练计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY40qS2QIow4I8qLOuaoGJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要有计划的进行普通话训练,了解自己的基础,制定合理的计划,规定每天的练习量,以周为单位,在不断训练中查找不足,并不断提升。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMgekkQqUsy8k6g0nPatdof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、掌握训练要领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMs6goemswaAOq2w7rhRe2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坚持用普通话进行日常会话,可以读一些报纸上的文章,或者拿出词典,多多进行发音练习,提高发音准度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneW8MysAam6YicXlVzHoxJc"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/acc2adaf0ca94163904c39cf31e3eec0","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnk6QQgSuCGgEKUPijS7GWlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniCKm004WwEqKSEEn5EK87g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制是播音从业人员需要达到的最基本要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUgE6AIkOYe4eq6Kpgk4fb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息的要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKg8kMm0YqqeqUbJmXlXLWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、持久的气息控制能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiu4EEIwY6ko6VBsNqpe67"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制是作为一个播音员的基本的条件,如果播音员播一篇长篇的稿件时要求声音由始至终保持一定力度,不减不衰,从容不迫,这就要求对气息有持久的控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSuSK0cYu8Qu4kbw4e4SfId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、气息控制要有稳劲儿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAOgg4kcu0MMG4yqXdrCwPj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音员要根据节目内容的要求调节气息压力,该强就强、该弱就弱,吸气量要大于日常说话,呼气时要保持较为稳定的压力,调节自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqOguqKMyyEs4I5wXwkbzyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、能做到快吸慢呼,并能根据需要及时补气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSwqy2usOiGmkG0YtgHEwcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音语言,一般句子长度比口语长,结构比较复杂,间歇比口语少而短。要把每个句子播得完整而有层次,就需要按照句子结构用气,绝不能因气不够用而停下来吸气,要求播音员呼气的持续时间要尽量长,而且要掌握在句子进行中补气、偷气的技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwoiAwUY0GASEFKOEiIdkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、做到短时间无声吸气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweSAGEwU4swoQHCnvt9pNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即要求播音员能作较长时间的呼气及保持一定的气息压力,吸气量就必须比平常大一些,吸气速度快一些,播音员依靠话筒传声,话筒灵敏度高,很容易混入吸气的杂音。而吸气杂音多,会给人不从容的感觉,甚至会使人厌烦。因而,播音员必须学会在短时间内吸气无声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwMqOA4g06yUGOUNynXtCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、呼气时要注意的两点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngYiKmymwOseoYbaFHRjn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、尽量保持两助张开支撑感(实际仍会塌下收回一些)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0i0OsmsWSsMgwDlvmEhWwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、着重体会,在这种呼吸肌的配合中、靠腹肌收缩往外送气流的感觉。这一步练习主要体会胸腹联合式呼吸方式中,腹肌参与吸气、呼气控制、特别是收腹呼气的感觉。随着呼吸控制能力及","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"隔肌","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"与腹肌配合能力的增强,吸气量可加大到八、九成满,只需注意呼气时,仍不要有明显地“扼喉”感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMiKw2qEmuECcPQBdPMVejY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKOkmUU0GS4yY8Fy2lF3ntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8qE660YKWUWmoJkpnudIAc"},,"attrs":{"height":362,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8cee485ece0b9bb7","width":480},"text":"","id":"doxcn0eKo2iGY4CYOyqh84roUIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有气息,声带不能颤动发声。但只是声带发出声音是不够的。想要嗓音富于弹性、耐久,需要的是源源不断供给声带气流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnue4QOqeG0EcKoqNH2v2Vmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、胸腹联合呼吸法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncaOQCwyQq6YCevdFo3aSGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吸气后两肋扩大,横膈膜下降,小腹微收。胸腹联合呼吸法是朗读时应该掌握的方法。这种呼吸活动范围大、伸缩性强,可以使气息均匀平衡。理想的状态是做到“吸气一大片、呼气一条线;气断情不断,声断意不断”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOmIQGwGyoYw4I3ZJ0mcqd"},,"attrs":{"height":509,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/054e6ffa43394c05b2a53d0a35c444b6","width":593},"text":"","id":"doxcnOWUQoGsOuyOsaEpu52AQhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniaMUGkqIe42ECabClKCxWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、慢吸慢呼,双目平视前方、头正、肩放松,像在旷野呼吸花香一样,慢慢吸足气。要感觉到腰腹之间充气膨胀,气入丹田,但是要收小腹,保持几秒后,轻缓呼出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQeokqsIG4AyCodqpu8YQTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以在呼气的时候加入以下练习:呼气时练习xiao lan(拼音小兰),一声声渐渐远去,或者数数1、2、3、4……,嘴上用力,发音之间不要闭住声门,不要跑气换气,数得越多越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8iyoEyykm22CsVTJE5nAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、快吸慢呼,快速短促地吸气,并保持气息,呼气时缓缓呼出,配合声音,平稳均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KKUSk8yaISEYF36pQWzsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"呼气时,可以通过以下发声练习:巴、拔、把、爸、低、答、底、大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoQQKWYaSUcgOsnOUvrmiKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"换气时,可以进行以下练习:广场上,红旗飘,看你能数多少旗,一面旗、两面旗、三面旗、四面、五面旗……,相声小品里的“数来宝”经常用这个形式,大家可以观察演员的呼吸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2eiSo46Wq66kUZUmE18XSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni6oYcqmgEKKC0PdiMZVQN5"},,"attrs":{"height":377,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b8ba113e2df949d9ba1bd306d39a09ad","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnqoAyAe6qm0gciMFhE0Zp0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、强控制练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk8aS0kg6m4ckmESCKGRhmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求气要吸得深并保持一定量,呼气要均匀、通畅、灵活。强控制练习需要一点声乐练习知识,在这里不好介绍。大家可以回想:《智取威虎山》里杨子荣喝酒唱歌那一段,最后结尾有个“啊—哈、哈、哈、哈哈哈……”基本的感觉就是这样。要体会膈肌和腹肌的作用,发声的时候气息是应该下沉的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOyuMG6SggaU66CBu3QuMEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"参考练习诗词:岳飞《满江红》、毛泽东《忆秦娥·娄山关》、陈然《我的“自白”书》,新闻联播播音员在播报简讯的时候,一般都用强控制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc6iSwAUMgKIWIhlc3GDZlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、弱控制练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQsCQSOwGWCkYKONR4rNmNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、吸气深呼气匀。缓慢持续地发出ai、uai、uang、iang四个音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsseW4woWao8Io55wUQmHpd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、夸大声调,延长发音,控制气息。花红柳绿","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"H—ua、H—ong、L—iu、L—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"v(发音时,声母和韵母之间气息拉长,要均匀、不断气)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG8KgQ4QW24EqIjSOx3Dpvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、通过夸大连续,控制气息,扩展音域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2066YeCYoWuA5axY6L29f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"参考练习诗词:李白《静夜思》、孟浩然《春晓》等。气息控制训练可以把握“深(吸得深)、匀(呼得匀)、通(气通畅)、活(用灵活)”四字方针,注意气息和内容的结合。单纯的语音、气息训练效果并不好,需要大家在实际朗读过程中不断体会、运用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngoyaSYCSisK6i7xYaI3EOa"},,"attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba87e92bdc874c9fb5a9c16bd620ef93","width":443},"text":"","id":"doxcnIkUukwQUu0CgymKAWjZCMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣控制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8OgeOEoSYYOg82d11hV6Ac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣对于播音发声的重要性体现在播音是以言语发声的过程,要想声音圆润集中,需要改变共鸣条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWWs4mEMssgaiG60jbgk0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣控制要领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu4KYESoMqy6wmg7qqYQzY4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据解剖学原理,共鸣器官能够受控并随意活动的是软腭、咽部和舌部,共鸣控制主要关注这三部门肌肉的活动组成结果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IESICikGE4SOuqSjPYOZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、提起颧肌","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEoU4Y8SSUQ4KuwQOuWvKZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颧肌稍带紧张感,使该部位肌肉向外上方稍稍提起,这就是提颧肌。提颧肌能使我们的发音更清晰、明亮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUwyWIGi2uCiQJ4I9gi6pb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、打开牙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6QOMAkeSgosgUD0kLFtG5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"指双侧上后槽牙保持向上提起的感觉。这样就加大了口腔开度丰富了共鸣。考生可以用含有“Q”的音节来做夸张的练习,将会取得明显效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW2qMQWiiSC4gCEFzJnRSsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、放松下巴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMmMsoaioaCKGKA0tgxnth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下巴紧张会导致舌根和喉头的紧张,进而导致发声吃力,声音也将发紧,有意的放松下巴就会使我们的发声吐字更加自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnag6mESMUCWeAyq0bhQ3sSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣分类及训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQyq4M0gSewOCkzz5DU9tc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、口腔共鸣:口腔共鸣的获得是要在发音时,口腔自然上下打开,笑肌微提,下腭自然放下稍后拉,上腭有上提的感觉。口腔共鸣发声最主要的一点,是发声的时候鼻咽要关闭,不产生鼻泄露。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCK242aIESIYoaCmdGmiNKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过下列练习大家可以体会一下,基本都是以开口元音为主练习:ba、da、ga、pa、ta、ka、peng、pa、pi、pu、pai。普通话的四个声调,准确的叫法是第一声—阴平,第二声—阳平,第三声—上声,第四声—去声。我们在进行声音训练的时候,多用阴平声调进行,这样有利于体会声音和气息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYq4Y68kwoiGW0wUFLK6FBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"词组练习:澎湃、冰雹、拍照、平静、批评,哗啦啦、噼啪啪、咣啷啷、扑嗵嗵、胡噜噜、快乐、宣纸、挫折、菊花、捐助、吹捧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSI2MMiiKYIc2JsxMuGGBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绕口令:山上五株树,架上五壶醋,林中五只鹿,柜中五条裤,伐了山上树,取下架上醋,捉住林中鹿,拿出柜中裤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwo8CQUQ28u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须加强声带张力。反之则减弱。所以,进行音高的变化练习能有效地发展和增强声带伸缩变化的控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWmo8emuMIEe2bdktNV68g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其中最有效的练习办法是利用钢琴来练唱音阶,在自己力所能及的音域内半度半度地下降,半度半度地上升,进行反复练习。没有条件的则可借鉴京剧演员喊嗓子的练声法,做绕音练习,从基础音开始,逐渐地向高、低音两头扩展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmOQsyiWC60EE6Xg4ykJNBd"},,"attrs":{"height":715,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性训练方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f99e97717b7d4b93bc9cc5b8d79a3c0c","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnkGYGsUo4GUQUoRW8cYKD65"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音中的情声气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SOOOmCM4k20SOvXpqPzGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语言是传递信息和交流思想情感的工具,存在于人际交流的有声语言情感,语声和气息是一个系统中的几个方面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCaM0u6sG6gaqs5GUq5hdig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"情:是指在播音过程中播音员服务于播,讲目的由具体稿件或者话题引发,并由有声语言表达出来,始终运动着情感情,情我们进行播音创作的依据。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0A888y04IoYsK8DFcP40gd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声:声是播音员依据稿件或话题,使发声器官运用播音技巧所发出的表达思想情感包含大量信息,并通过电声设备进行传播,经过科学训练的规范化艺术化的有声语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUUUiACwUeqIiUvrXAR7B5g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气:气指的是在播音过程中未时有声,语言传情达意,播音员所控制自如使用胸腹式联合呼吸法所获得的发生动力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8eW8IGEayiwewaXOZUoah"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"情声气要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwS0IKmEKquIy2TOxZk0Od"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、情感需要具备最丰富的并能随时调动起来的思想情感,一方面播音员节目主持人要不断的加强自己的修养,锻炼和培养自己的政治艺术素养,使自己具备宽广的胸怀、纯真的情操、美好的憧憬、深邃的境界、蓬勃的志趣、灵动的活力等等,另一方面调动起来的运动者的思想情感一定要服从于稿件或话题的界定,服务于播讲目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsu2cQyyauUQ6SGzGtoQLpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对声音的要求是要能够充分的表达各类不同稿件所确定的不同层次,不同色彩的情感,能清晰明确的传递稿件所载有的所有信息,并具有各自声音形象特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngKK8084WUUoiMJT8pHJINc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、播音发声对气息的要求是能符合播音员进行播音创作的要求,有一定力度呼吸控制自如完美的配合发声的气息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAiimu8gkyYAme2chiPoybf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,情感要取其高声音要取其中气息,要取其深以达到自整,腔圆清晰持久,刚柔自如声情并茂的境地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOIAkQc4eGkWW4SF8F7Huc"},,"attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"情声气要求","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6a704f2ad3d0469f9e035f26e9d6ce3c","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnSgQMoCiEIoQaqqo1cnWoZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习常见的问题及矫正方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaagU68e8AiCK6u7Crz4vrh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚声过多","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc0cM4cWGGuMOADBF0eJjUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音不实在,有些无力,没有足够的亮度和响度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQOQcqyqcM4KyWMvPSzyXig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:虚声过多的学生,要注意锻炼唇舌的力度,练习一些响亮实在的词语和绕口令,如“百步穿杨”“中国伟大”等力度较大的词组,以及绕口令《八百标兵》《白庙和白猫》等。新闻播音当中,基本以实声为主,一般不出现虚声,而且换气声不要太大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCKmkMMkee0wiiBhMHxLab"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音过于靠后","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSsw004u6uQwyojuiGGJ4Ec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音沉重,不明亮。发声过程中也容易疲劳和不适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng226EEwgOOGyas1wPqwCLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:注意“两头紧中间松”,口腔和小腹加强控制,喉部保持松弛。舌根要灵活,不要太生硬。注意与口腔共鸣的调节方法相结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqggIgeKqW4UiykRqr0PqGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音偏重","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQqiEyGOSm2ms1oE5SqXfpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音暗淡,不响亮,影响语言的清晰度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIoMiWoUUyy0C81fLun4Ng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:注意软腭挺起,牙关打开,减少过多的气流经过鼻腔。克服口腔、双唇的无力状态,保持积极的播音状态,不可过于懒散。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmq8ec6gkKW4yMLugGc51cv"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音分散","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnESOyiOK46g4EZGnfRWyfEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音不集中,不饱满,冲击力不强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0iAQOCUmmwGwH3Qsed2Jxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:在发声的时候注意嘴唇中间三分之一部分用力,力量不可过于分散。注意气流冲击硬腭前端,也就是我们说的声挂硬腭,使声音更集中,更有冲击力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKq6U2SqqQ4AYW8oIwSEswf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缺乏弹性","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQccMwGseoGYoJMRLpi47b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音缺乏变化,没有抑扬顿挫的对比。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwquQaww06wAAQf4qtQARAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:加强对比训练,包括高与低,快与慢的对比训练等。高与低的训练,可以练习声音的爬高与降低。比如“伟大的祖国,伟大的人民”这句话,可以先逐渐升高地说,然后再逐级下降地说,体会声音的高低变化,丰富声音的层次。快与慢的训练,可以用不同速度来说一句话。比如“班干部不管班干部”这句话,可以分别用快速和慢速来练习,体会快与慢的变化。声音弹性的获得还需要情感的支撑,加强情声气结合。","id":""}],"text"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