1. wy包包是什么牌子
wy是威禹服装品牌,隶属于上海骏肯实业有限公司,于2022年01月13日成立,注册地位于上海市嘉定区。
威禹主张“与众不同你我,它跟随企业的风格,也伴随着你走过接下来的岁月”。以内敛稳重且不失时尚为原则,提倡创新,突破而不另类,不张扬,注重工艺细节。强调品质感,传达追求自由,自行独立。向往时尚简约的产品理念。
2. w的包包是什么牌子
韩国W.Doubleudot(W.Doubleudot)店
3. wn包包是什么牌子
先卸载安装包程序,再去应用程序管理里面直接删除数据就可以了
4. wy是什么牌子的包
安卓系统手机下载软件方法有很多,为您提供以下几种方式,请您参考:
1.通过手机中应用商店”搜索需要的软件并下载安装。
2.通过手机浏览器搜索需要的软件下载安装(若是自带的浏览器,下载的安装包保存在我的文件-Download文件夹中)。
3.通过第三方助手类软件下载安装需要的程序。
4.通过电脑下载APK格式的安装包,然后传输到手机中安装。
5. cywe包是什么品牌
安全员证书是建筑、剧毒危化企业,想要进行生产必须具备的一个证件,同时也是从业资格的象征。简单来说,安全员证可以理解为上岗证明,如果您考取了证书,代表你有从事安全工作的资格。具体怎么办理,我们一起来看一下吧。
认证细则
等级划分
安全员证又分为安全员A,B,C证,现在大家都会称它为三类证书。
安全员A证,法人,经理,副经理考的;
安全员B证,项目经理,项目技术负责人,持有建造师的人员考的;
安全员C证,建筑施工企业专职安全生产管理人员考的(其中C证,又分为C1机械类,C2土建类,C3综合类)。
安全员岗位职责
1、熟悉生产环境和施工工艺,防火防盗防伤害防中毒等、设备维修保养管理等。协助项目经理建立安全生产、安全防护、机械安全保证体系。
2、排查动态隐患,有义务提醒纠正一切违章指挥、违章作业的行为和不安全动态。
3、肩负看管和宣传培训两个职能,宣传和执行国家及上级主管部门有关安全生产、劳动保护的法规和规定,协助领导做好安全生产排查工作。
4、做好安全生产中的相关排查记录、交接收集、整理和保管。
5、按职权范围和公示文件提醒或辞退严重违反安全操作规程和违章指挥不合格人员。
申报条件
安全员证在当地住房和城乡建设厅报考,报名条件是年龄已满18周岁未满60周岁,具有高中(含高中、中技、属职高)及以上文化程度或初级及以上技术职称;经所在企业年度安全生产教育培训合格,经过审核后,进行缴费,缴费成功即报考成功。
考试费用
1、安全员A证报名培训费:400元/人
主要负责人:企业法人、总经理、分管安全副经理,需大专以上不历,除企业法人外,其他人需一级建造师证书与企业聘书 。
2、安全员B证报名培训费:400元/人
安全B证是办理安全生产许可证必须要的。各类建筑施工企业三类人员配备数量必须满足规定,才可以申请企业安全生产许可证书。基本每位建造师都需要一本安全证。
3、安全员C证考试报名培训费:C1(机械类)850元/人,C2(建筑类)850元/人,C3(综合类)1050元/人。
报名资料
1、身份证复印件1份,正反面都需复印。
2、学历证书复印件1份,复印件需清晰显示学历编号等重要信息。
申报流程
安全员考试每年分别有四次考试,3月底,6月底,9月底,12月底的双休日考试。
1、到省、自治区、直辖市一级的安全监察部门下属的专门培训机构带着你的身份证件报名。
2、报名后,根据你的管理性质,缴费后会安排专门的培训学习。
3、学习后培训机构会统一给你们准备考试事宜,根据他们的安排即可考试。
4、考试后等待成绩出来,合格就能拿证。
考试题型
1、安全员A证考试题目和B、C证不一样,安全员A、B、C证针对是不同的考试人群,所以考试题目完全是不一样的。
2、企业主要负责人A证考试内容为:《安全生产知识考试用书(法律法规)》和《建筑施工安全管理规范DB33/》。
3、项目负责人B证考试内容为:《安全生产知识考试用书(法律法规)》、《建设工程安全生产技术》和《建筑施工安全管理规范DB33/》。
4、专职安全生产管理人员C证考试内容为:《安全生产知识考试用书(法律法规)》、《安全生产知识考试补充教材》、《建设工程安全生产技术》和《建筑施工安全管理规范DB33/》。
5、安全员考试有100道题。考试时间是一个半小时。问题有三种:单选题、多选题和是非判断题。
6、安全员考试合格分数线为总分的60%。安全员A证、B证满分100分,安全员C证满分150分。因此,安全员A证、B证考试合格60分,安全员C证考试合格90分。
答题技巧
1、 充填技术
标准化考试考生最常见的问题是填表不规范,导致机器阅卷出错。克服这种问题的简单方法是把铅笔削尖。铅笔不应削尖,而应较粗,应削尖成马蹄形或铅笔直接切成正方形,这样一个答题信息点最多可画两个笔画,既快又规范。在考试中,要注意不要遗漏或弄错试卷的题目和编号。接到答题单后,不要忙着答题,而应在监考老师的统一组织下,按照“两填两画”的要求填写答题纸的抬头,即用蓝色或黑色铅笔、圆珠笔填写姓名,填写准考证号;用2B铅笔涂黑考试科目和准考证号。
2、 答题技巧
采用涂层分离移植法。这种方法是考生收到试题后,不急于在答题卡上答题,而是先审题,并在试卷相应的题号上标注正确答案。考试结束后,认真复习所选答案是否正确,经过反复检查确认后移植到答题卡上。
采用检测与涂装相结合的方法。这种方法是考生在收到试题后,一边审题,一边填写答题卡上相应的位置,一边审题一边画画,齐头并进。
采用评分加权法。这种方法是考生拿到试题后,在考题的同时,用铅笔在答题卡上的相应位置选择答案进行记录(可以勾选或轻画)。审核确认不作更改后,在记录答题单上加黑字。
3、 猜测和回答技巧
多项选择题有猜测和回答的可能,称为机会得分。这种机会对每个考生都是平等的。只要我们正确把握这个机会,就不会在考试中制造不公平。
(1) 多项选择题的得分机会
标准化考试多用于单选多项选择题,如四选一。要回答这类问题,首先要注意题目描述中是否存在错误答案的演绎规则。如果没有,当你不确定正确答案时,你不应该放弃猜测。如果试题解释有错误答案,考生不应为不能排除的问题猜测答案。但如果你能排除一两个干扰因素,剩下的选项就可以猜测了,得分的机会比输球的机会大。
(2) 多项选择题的猜测和回答机会
猜测和回答多项选择题并不容易,但仍有一些基本的方法来回答
(1) 排除法:选择题是指两个或两个以上的答案是正确的,并且干扰项(错误项)最多为两个。因此,在这一问题中使用消去法是最常见的。首先,排除你认为不正确的选项,其余的都是选项。
(2) 分析法:将四个选项全部放入试题中,纵横比较,逐一分析,排除错误,找准,去伪存真,从而得到理想答案。
(3) 语感法:当你找不到足够的依据来确定答案中的正确选项时,你可以默读几遍试题。如果你觉得读起来并不尴尬,而且语言流畅流畅,你就可以确定答案了。
(4) 类比:如果四个选项中的一个不属于同一个类别,那么剩下的三个选项就是选项。如果有两个选项无法分类,则根据优化方法选择一组选项。
(5) 猜测:根据上下文推断一个词的意思。有些问题要从句子结构和语法知识的推理入手,用自己积累的常识判断意义,推断逻辑条件和结论,从而准确地选择正确的选项。
证书查询:
安全员证书查询方式有两种:
1、在中国建设教育协会官网https://www.ccen.com.cn/进行查询。在BIM输入相关信息查询即可。
2、可以在当地住房和城乡建设委员会网站查询注册的安全员证书。
培训内容
1、建设项目的施工具有单一性特点,工程项目施工具有分散点;又多方参与,属于劳动密集型,露天环境进行,一个庞大人机工程。
2、事故多发的类型:高处坠物、坍塌,物体打击,触电,起重伤害。
3、事故因果5个因素:社会环境、人的失误、人的不安全行为、事故、伤害。
4、安全管理人员配备按照建筑面积分为:1w平方以下1人,1-5w2人,5w平方以上3人,应当设备安全主管,按土建、机电设备设置安全生产管理人员。
5、建筑施工企业三类人员分为:主要负责人、项目负责人、专职安全生产管理人员。建筑施工企业专职人员指的是:企业专职从事生产管理人员,包括:企业专职安全负责人和施工现场专职人员。
6、建筑施工企业的安全生产考核证书有效期3年,提前3个月申请办理延期;有效期延期3年。
7、教育培训的形式和内容:安全生产意识和安全管理水平,遵章守纪,自我保护和提高防范事故的能力。
8、新工人进行教育:公司,工地和班组。
9、班组级教育内容:从事施工生产工作的性质;工种安全工作规程;安全生产、文明施工和劳动纪律;事故案例剖析,易发事故部位的使用要求。
10、建筑企业负责人的培训目标:树立安全第一,遵守人的情感观,安全是经济观,预防为主科学观。
11、保险费应列入建筑安装工程费用。
12、施工现场的围挡一般高于1.8m;
13、材料的堆放要求:应当按照品种,规格,设置明显标牌,名称,规格和产地。
14、企业法人代表项目经理每年不少30学时,专职管理技术人员不少于40学时。
15、三级安全教育:公司级,项目级,班组级。
16、根据建筑选址、周围环境、现场平面布置、施工工艺、施工部位把动火分为3级。做到动火作业先申请,后作业,不批准,不动火,动火未经审批,不得动火作业。
备考建议
1、首先要想考通过,再怎么忙,安全生产法,及一些条例必须看一遍,最起码要有个印象。
2、其次,可以找一些有关安全生产考试的试题要含答案,进行强记答案,做到看到这个题目,就知道选A还是B是对还是错,一定要多刷题。
3、目前的安全生产考试基本都是客观题,也就是选择和判断,基本上不再出现填空题和解答题。考前自己选一份看过的试卷要没有答案的,做过之后再与答案对,不对的一定要强记,俗话说“临阵磨枪,不快也光”。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员证书是建筑、剧毒危化企业,想要进行生产必须具备的一个证件,同时也是从业资格的象征。简单来说,安全员证可以理解为上岗证明,如果您考取了证书,代表你有从事安全工作的资格。具体怎么办理,我们一起来看一下吧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOueO4YSiKukcUfZs2FIxNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认证细则","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKYCikaw6SO4cIVdyn8OOLb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"等级划分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGMqCAEUKEWSeEGpXN4pg0o"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员证又分为安全员A,B,C证,现在大家都会称它为三类证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngmAQA0OAEAKsAgJWBaHJQI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员A证,法人,经理,副经理考的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE0EIAkI82iuAGCSnacfvVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员B证,项目经理,项目技术负责人,持有建造师的人员考的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUECQ20YEIM4sXSsZnIdFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员C证,建筑施工企业专职安全生产管理人员考的(其中C证,又分为C1机械类,C2土建类,C3综合类)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM08qS6q66sAMmY0BPGtYae"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员岗位职责","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUM28gQAq4maoJw2DcHnrc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":288,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员岗位职责","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eb6459542fb44221826c7e9ee32e2c2d","width":431},"text":"","id":"doxcnoMAiUi2cS4aAYfU0VinMdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SKOEIEcaekaq84NOWFNOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、熟悉生产环境和施工工艺,防火防盗防伤害防中毒等、设备维修保养管理等。协助项目经理建立安全生产、安全防护、机械安全保证体系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQ4eYuAgcIIsuCxMmfq6qf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、排查动态隐患,有义务提醒纠正一切违章指挥、违章作业的行为和不安全动态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne44gO2QeOCaW6ju0YHQ38c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、肩负看管和宣传培训两个职能,宣传和执行国家及上级主管部门有关安全生产、劳动保护的法规和规定,协助领导做好安全生产排查工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcIayAquUoEQYtDnA0JE8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、做好安全生产中的相关排查记录、交接收集、整理和保管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOgyUACQs84eeMxduqLHNfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、按职权范围和公示文件提醒或辞退严重违反安全操作规程和违章指挥不合格人员。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAoAEGQqmaY8CeGJIhbLs7d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"申报条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoEk2ggC8uKa8Gm2wHJkhwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员证在当地住房和城乡建设厅报考,报名条件是年龄已满18周岁未满60周岁,具有高中(含高中、中技、属职高)及以上文化程度或初级及以上技术职称;经所在企业年度安全生产教育培训合格,经过审核后,进行缴费,缴费成功即报考成功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnomSogm84wmkK4E1eKHeWaf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试费用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6cMsgA6ie0qCC38xUCVRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、安全员A证报名培训费:400元/人","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwsAuKGQOk4aA0A46cAJdOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要负责人:企业法人、总经理、分管安全副经理,需大专以上","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"不","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"历,除企业法人外,其他人需一级建造师证书与企业聘书 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng62MWQkGkGsEugYu4cyAff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、安全员B证报名培训费:400元/人","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWwqo2MUsgiQcq2PD0AJ9jh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全B证是办理安全生产许可证必须要的。各类建筑施工企业三类人员配备数量必须满足规定,才可以申请企业安全生产许可证书。基本每位建造师都需要一本安全证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkeoKEccOUOiuSSujle7ugc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、安全员C证考试报名培训费:C1(机械类)850元/人,C2(建筑类)850元/人,C3(综合类)1050元/人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6sGw6iqqQ8qmINpPiwwy6d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnio6iqGG4qyyCaYBPneRvhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、身份证复印件1份,正反面都需复印。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEySmoIKOYU8SOgzcM2v0Pf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学历证书复印件1份,复印件需清晰显示学历编号等重要信息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYkWyaO8q64OI8bjc4XyrBf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"申报流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSIaasuooaiYoCEqp4wQqEc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":265,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"申报流程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/60a05f92521142509008123a26bcd64a","width":352},"text":"","id":"doxcny2cuiKAOesUYhZxWa8AReJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员考试每年分别有四次考试,3月底,6月底,9月底,12月底的双休日考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WOqCEGsUwG8uEeZR5QmQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、到省、自治区、直辖市一级的安全监察部门下属的专门培训机构带着你的身份证件报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWSio6KwMaYeSIvMZ2iht7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、报名后,根据你的管理性质,缴费后会安排专门的培训学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOAaKycsQ8E04byb9SO1Qh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学习后培训机构会统一给你们准备考试事宜,根据他们的安排即可考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SEQG6k4WmgYukuUA6oGWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、考试后等待成绩出来,合格就能拿证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnISWGCG4MiW82g5j2pYCR4e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试题型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnocA4IQAyoSwyIpiLTQGRXp"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":363,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"考试题型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6476b18d65b474ca70d1af8e920dbbe","width":499},"text":"","id":"doxcnKYmoUEw4KSAK2l4STfdIUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、安全员A证考试题目和B、C证不一样,安全员A、B、C证针对是不同的考试人群,所以考试题目完全是不一样的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYqCOyu0goOoGs7jyVh11sc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、企业主要负责人A证考试内容为:《安全生产知识考试用书(法律法规)》和《建筑施工安全管理规范DB33/》。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAOSYqwiAgmsmsZBXBGBqPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、项目负责人B证考试内容为:《安全生产知识考试用书(法律法规)》、《建设工程安全生产技术》和《建筑施工安全管理规范DB33/》。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYs8mOAmG2ueSq1IVedvJWT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、专职安全生产管理人员C证考试内容为:《安全生产知识考试用书(法律法规)》、《安全生产知识考试补充教材》、《建设工程安全生产技术》和《建筑施工安全管理规范DB33/》。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwMAIgGeWYYeG8zPeQHyQ7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、安全员考试有100道题。考试时间是一个半小时。问题有三种:单选题、多选题和是非判断题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIc86wugCyQiqmKdvGlvBYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、安全员考试合格分数线为总分的60%。安全员A证、B证满分100分,安全员C证满分150分。因此,安全员A证、B证考试合格60分,安全员C证考试合格90分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwCgwKIkAmGoeykvLd1S2Nh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"答题技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniSmq6WM2KuE0LJRUxz31uz"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"答题技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed176b52a2ce44bd99544f697f5e5578","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnQG0I0SosqCeiExWgGq9GFf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、 充填技术","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYYKi6QiGGAoQC2zsrJidVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"标准化考试考生最常见的问题是填表不规范,导致机器阅卷出错。克服这种问题的简单方法是把铅笔削尖。铅笔不应削尖,而应较粗,应削尖成马蹄形或铅笔直接切成正方形,这样一个答题信息点最多可画两个笔画,既快又规范。在考试中,要注意不要遗漏或弄错试卷的题目和编号。接到答题单后,不要忙着答题,而应在监考老师的统一组织下,按照“两填两画”的要求填写答题纸的抬头,即用蓝色或黑色铅笔、圆珠笔填写姓名,填写准考证号;用2B铅笔涂黑考试科目和准考证号。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOsUekOk0UuWSqegAELnSEg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、 ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"答题技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWcgWoOUAcCwsgFS4Lvu3zb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"采用涂层分离移植法。这种方法是考生收到试题后,不急于在答题卡上答题,而是先审题,并在试卷相应的题号上标注正确答案。考试结束后,认真复习所选答案是否正确,经过反复检查确认后移植到答题卡上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQOqysO4kKeoKgYvFy56wc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"采用检测与涂装相结合的方法。这种方法是考生在收到试题后,一边审题,一边填写答题卡上相应的位置,一边审题一边画画,齐头并进。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaoA0O04oGIcA2TS6jtKJIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"采用评分加权法。这种方法是考生拿到试题后,在考题的同时,用铅笔在答题卡上的相应位置选择答案进行记录(可以勾选或轻画)。审核确认不作更改后,在记录答题单上加黑字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYCmCQ00oYg8qoZQs1SpU0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、 猜测和回答技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQiS2oIaeOGmsMbhOf1FbOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"多项选择题有猜测和回答的可能,称为机会得分。这种机会对每个考生都是平等的。只要我们正确把握这个机会,就不会在考试中制造不公平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniI2asE8e4SqewD9WnVDTRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1) 多项选择题的得分机会","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQeoCgciWM8k4IHZKVv8GFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"标准化考试多用于单选多项选择题,如四选一。要回答这类问题,首先要注意题目描述中是否存在错误答案的演绎规则。如果没有,当你不确定正确答案时,你不应该放弃猜测。如果试题解释有错误答案,考生不应为不能排除的问题猜测答案。但如果你能排除一两个干扰因素,剩下的选项就可以猜测了,得分的机会比输球的机会大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyyiauAKKq6WggVPtDlOsoc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2) 多项选择题的猜测和回答机会","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna6OM2WWa4MwoS2eu17n0Nh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"猜测和回答多项选择题并不容易,但仍有一些基本的方法来回答","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOk2YgaqmWIoXfI2RnOdkT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1) 排除法:选择题是指两个或两个以上的答案是正确的,并且干扰项(错误项)最多为两个。因此,在这一问题中使用消去法是最常见的。首先,排除你认为不正确的选项,其余的都是选项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SEGy4i2yyS2KwAKSKg2eh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2) 分析法:将四个选项全部放入试题中,纵横比较,逐一分析,排除错误,找准,去伪存真,从而得到理想答案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEqiUMAIy8waCC6Qs3R0BAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3) 语感法:当你找不到足够的依据来确定答案中的正确选项时,你可以默读几遍试题。如果你觉得读起来并不尴尬,而且语言流畅流畅,你就可以确定答案了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4ayU0ewcICikaQ5kSp0sOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4) 类比:如果四个选项中的一个不属于同一个类别,那么剩下的三个选项就是选项。如果有两个选项无法分类,则根据优化方法选择一组选项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCy8MUS8sWwmO0k08kAAZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5) 猜测:根据上下文推断一个词的意思。有些问题要从句子结构和语法知识的推理入手,用自己积累的常识判断意义,推断逻辑条件和结论,从而准确地选择正确的选项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoKm6uGw6g0Y2OEJst7J5pe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakesQiQ0AoYgsHFz4tMTjc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书查询:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQa2KqoOqs4YeAARaF68Eqb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":355,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"证书查询:","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c2b466f098274d26812edbb462aa4038","width":514},"text":"","id":"doxcnq82QwwYK64QYMRqCZTdwOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全员证书查询方式有两种:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneSUqUW6eSoco6UoW3vRzof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中国建设教育协会官网","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.ccen.com.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.ccen.com.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"进行查询。在BIM输入相关信息查询即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wOCmSSeiQoobbGR0AYRJo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、可以在当地住房和城乡建设委员会网站查询注册的安全员证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KcGwO6m0K8G4Kk7Pkuf0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"培训内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmQ6Mqq0YkeeyOGQMLrAZdh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":266,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"培训内容","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/78e32d0e042240659c9a0709b3b8720a","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6ugoicMogkCMpYg388fHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、建设项目的施工具有单一性特点,工程项目施工具有分散点;又多方参与,属于劳动密集型,露天环境进行,一个庞大人机工程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnywwYG4MQywc6SufRK60Ivh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、事故多发的类型:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"高处坠物","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、坍塌,物体打击,触电,起重伤害。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQwuW0QmAeyAuYpF3Thd6cd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、事故因果5个因素:社会环境、人的失误、人的不安全行为、事故、伤害。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOQcGoqwoqKGCYxnn6pe5Ig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、安全管理人员配备按照建筑面积分为:1w平方以下1人,1-5w2人,5w平方以上3人,应当设备安全主管,按土建、机电设备设置安全生产管理人员。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnewKAySWsMOeKIXja3CBP7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、建筑施工企业三类人员分为:主要负责人、项目负责人、专职安全生产管理人员。建筑施工企业专职人员指的是:企业专职从事生产管理人员,包括:企业专职安全负责人和施工现场专职人员。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiSwyE2UyWiIs3r7WP2qxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、建筑施工企业的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"安全生产考核证书","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"有效期3年,提前3个月申请办理延期;有效期延期3年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOAI6MCEYsigAMVMEEZs5xd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、教育培训的形式和内容:安全生产意识和安全管理水平,遵章守纪,自我保护和提高防范事故的能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQAsEeEIw6gIwUfHWsf0nie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、新工人进行教育:公司,工地和班组。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauG0yCYkugs8qeCd0wMJNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、班组级教育内容:从事施工生产工作的性质;工种安全工作规程;安全生产、文明施工和劳动纪律;事故案例剖析,易发事故部位的使用要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmEuQO6Ic6MC2u69tMMC9so"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、建筑企业负责人的培训目标:树立安全第一,遵守人的情感观,安全是经济观,预防为主科学观。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnemQskYW2u2M4rwewKfaEiR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、保险费应列入建筑安装工程费用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEYoOEMEUCCE4RPr1xIrZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、施工现场的围挡一般高于1.8m;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuA4s8KmQ2Geui63i6OwNHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、材料的堆放要求:应当按照品种,规格,设置明显标牌,名称,规格和产地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6kgYy40YikkOk9Jx7cyIXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、企业法人代表项目经理每年不少30学时,专职管理技术人员不少于40学时。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcOmCg826sIUYhBD9watRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、三级安全教育:公司级,项目级,班组级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkKsQ6OoeQAIKKqSsDHizEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、根据建筑选址、周围环境、现场平面布置、施工工艺、施工部位把动火分为3级。做到动火作业先申请,后作业,不批准,不动火,动火未经审批,不得动火作业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCqYGiYoGS82MoV0wAw6ddf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考建议","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIQWqkKWEqM60YLmrBfMgAh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":209,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"备考建议","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9bf0e5f13cde4f8d934483d75482238b","width":313},"text":"","id":"doxcnkE22cWiy4yCaEVQDOA2U6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先要想考通过,再怎么忙,安全生产法,及一些条例必须看一遍,最起码要有个印象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8u6eaGac8wumuw8Whq2tvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、其次,可以找一些有关安全生产考试的试题要含答案,进行强记答案,做到看到这个题目,就知道选A还是B是对还是错,一定要多刷题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsmIYCa8cKgMMEz0Nzl4Phc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、目前的安全生产考试基本都是客观题,也就是选择和判断,基本上不再出现填空题和解答题。考前自己选一份看过的试卷要没有答案的,做过之后再与答案对,不对的一定要强记,俗话说“临阵磨枪,不快也光”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW0CwgAA0oogSmO5D45zPde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGkSUeWKcW6mq4HarmdVtOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsGkcqKYwi8AsMFGUhmqb1d"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
6. waxy是什么牌子的包包
waxy是一个专门设计和生产女包的品牌,属二线品牌的包包。
它也是著名的欧时力旗下的一个子品牌,其产品主要以时尚、简约、成熟而著称,是知性女性比较喜欢的一个品牌。
它的包包是25岁以上白领最为推崇的一个,价格不高但是感觉非常好看,而且相当的使用,容量大是它包包的一大特点。
waxy女包属于中端档次,款式和配色是偏成熟一些的,做工也很精良,不仅漂亮而且使用,可放置很多的东西,因为它的容量足够大。作为欧时力旗下品牌,waxy女包的知名度却并不算高,但近些年在国内发展迅速,如今已经成为最畅销品牌之一。
7. wmnuo是什么品牌的包
随着现代生活节奏的加快,烘焙食品已经成为一种时尚、营养、高效的消费品。越来越多的人选择去学习烘焙,他们学习的出发点各有不同,有的是为了自己的兴趣爱好,有的是为了想从事这项工作后续就业或开店创业,那么新手小白如何开始学烘焙呢?
烘培必备工具
烤箱:如果自己家里制作,吃的量少,可以先买小烤箱,但是至少也要35L以上的。一定是上下独立控温,最好带热风。不能找特别便宜的,便宜意味着温度不准,加热不均匀。还要搭配烤箱温度计,两个最好,一个也可以。
打蛋器(电动&手动):电动跟手动都要配备。缺一不可。电动尽量买功率大一点的,当然,买烤箱会赠送,也可以凑合用。
刮刀(和刮板):翻拌蛋糕糊等,刮板不同形状,一个套装3-5个就够用了。
硅胶垫:揉面团,做饼干等。案板会粘,硅胶垫防粘。
测量用品:电子秤,最好是精确到0.1g的。量勺、量杯。
筛网:有大小套装,建议选用60-80目的,筛出的面粉更细腻。
各种模具:看你从哪种入门,就先买哪种模具,不用急着一气配齐。
各种碗盆:家里够多就不用另外购置了。
厨师机:这个做面包是必备的,就算拥有麒麟臂,也不如机器揉的好,采购要点就是要大功率,外加静音,买一些主流品牌就行。
常规烘培材料
面粉
中餐一般用到的面粉都是中筋面粉,也是我们普通老百姓接触最多的面粉。家里常做的面条、包子,馒头、烙饼、饺子等等用到的都是中筋面粉。但烘焙中我们最常见的生日蛋糕或者饼干则是要用低筋面粉,吃的面包则要用高筋面粉。
低筋面粉
水份13.8%,蛋白质含量为8.5%以下的面粉。这样的面粉筋度弱,口感绵软蓬松,适合做蛋糕,饼干等酥类的糕点。
中筋面粉
蛋白质含量为9.5~12.0%。这样的面粉一般用于中式的面点制作中,就是我们常见的包子馒头饺子之类的。
高筋面粉
蛋白质含量约12.5~13.5%。这样的面粉筋度高,口感具有韧性,适合做面包之类的糕点。
口感来说,低筋面粉酥脆、绵软;中筋面粉,做面条劲道,做馒头蓬松;高筋面粉,延展性很好,非常劲道有弹性和嚼感。
黄油
黄油是鲜牛奶加工分离出来的固态油脂,营养丰富脂肪含量很高,在口味上分为加盐黄油和原味黄油。黄油的用处很多,做蛋糕、面包、饼干、月饼、网红雪花酥、煎牛排等等都会用到黄油,平时可以多买一些放冰箱冷藏。
淡奶油
淡奶油跟黄油一样是用鲜牛奶提炼出来的,淡奶油的脂肪含量没有黄油高,跟黄油一样也有植物奶油也叫鲜奶油,植物奶油其实就是人造奶油。因为鲜奶油稳定性高,适合裱花,价格便宜所以在普通的蛋糕店里用的基本都是植物奶油。植物奶油非常不利于健康,这也是为什么越来越多的人自己学做烘焙的原因,我们想吃到更健康更营养的美味,而不是一堆“反式脂肪酸”。所以我们在制作烘焙的过程中,请选择动物性淡奶油。
玉米油
在制作蛋糕的时候我们会用到玉米油,很多人问能不能用生菜油?不能,气味大不好吃。建议选择味道较小的色拉油,玉米油。
玉米淀粉
制作蛋糕,饼干等甜点时用,家里常备一些。
吉利丁
吉利丁有粉状的也有片状的,它是作为一种凝固剂来使用,一般慕斯蛋糕中用的比较多,也有网友用QQ糖融化了以后来代替。
抹茶粉、可可粉
在制作抹茶蛋糕或者可可蛋糕时混入蛋糕糊中使用,也可以制作抹茶饼干,可可饼干等。
酵母
面包发酵,比如“安琪酵母”。酵母在使用过程中一定要注意用30度左右的水融化,水温高则酵母死,水温低则酵母未化开,起不了作用。
酵母为活性菌物质,注意开袋后,放在低温干燥处保存,以免失去活性。
糖
糖分为白砂糖、绵砂糖、糖粉。白砂糖就是我们在超市里常见的糖,绵砂糖的颗粒比较细腻,糖粉是粉末状的糖中加入了玉米淀粉,用来做饼干,蛋糕以及装饰。
烘培种类
蛋糕类
以蛋为主要原料,经过搅打充气后膨胀,制品成熟后,清香绵软有弹性。蛋糕类又可分为:清蛋类、油蛋类、复合型蛋糕、生日蛋糕、样品蛋糕。蛋糕制品大都附以装饰,因此是一种富含艺术性的点心。
面包类
面包类是以面粉为主料,以酵母等为辅料的面团经发酵,饧发而烤制成的产品。如点心面包、主食面包、调理面包等。面包的生产需要一个比较暖和的环境,一般室温不低于20℃,产品以甜咸口味为主,包括硬质面包、软质面包、松质面包、脆皮面包。其用途作为三餐主副食均可。
混酥类
混酥类点心是以黄油、面粉、鸡蛋、糖为主料调和成面团或面糊,配以各种辅料,制作而成的一类点心。此类点心不分层,口感酥脆。主要产品有排类、挞类、干点类等,如果酱排、椰丝排、奶油曲奇、拉花饼干等。清酥类
以水面和油面互为表里,经过反复擀叠及冷冻、成型、烘烤等工艺而制成的制品,这种制品具有层次清晰、入口香酥的特点。在烘烤产品中,这类点心很具有特色,很久以来一直受到消费者的青睐。主要产品有酥盒类、果盅类、果排类、酥饼类等,如奶油千层酥、对角包、水果酥盒、苹果排、葡萄苹果盅等。
泡芙类
泡芙也称气鼓。以鸡蛋、油、糖为主料,采用烫制面团,经过挤糊成型,产品成熟后,体积膨胀数倍,因其饼壳松脆缺味,主要依靠馅心来调味。成品经装饰后,精细美观,再配以各色各样的馅料,使产品外脆里糯,绵软香甜,滋润可口,很受消费者的欢迎。
冷冻点心类
冷冻点心一般指以糖、牛奶、鸡蛋、水果、明胶为原料,经搅拌冷冻或冷冻搅拌制作而成的一类甜食,适用于午餐、晚餐的餐后甜食或非用餐时闲食。
巧克力类
指直接使用巧克力或以巧克力为原料,配以奶油、果仁、酒类等调制成的产品。
制作技巧
烘焙初学者升阶之途需遵循由简至难,饼干—蛋糕—西点—面包。
饼干制作
烘焙初学者一般都是会从最容易的饼干下手。饼干非常好的一点便是通过率很高,只需调节好家用烤箱的溫度和時间,取得成功冒着香味的饼干总是能让初学者信心十足。
饼干应该是每个人最爱吃的零食榜单里的前十了!甜的咸的、巧克力味的草莓味的、薄脆的夹心的、硬的软的...总有一款是你的爱。今天就来学习几款常规饼干的做法吧!
蔓越莓饼干
主料:低筋面粉(含蛋配方)110g、黄油(含蛋配方)70g、鸡蛋液(含蛋配方)12g、蔓越莓干(含蛋配方)35g、糖粉(含蛋配方)50g。
辅料:低筋面粉(无蛋配方)185g、黄油(无蛋配方)100g、牛奶(无蛋配方)15ml(14~15g)、蔓越莓干(无蛋配方)50g、糖粉(无蛋配方)75g。
做法步骤:1、黄油切小块,室温软化,稍微搅打几下。
2、加糖粉,继续搅打均匀至颜色变浅,体积膨大(糖粉加进去可以用刮刀和黄油稍微拌几下,不然糖粉容易溅出来~)。
3、将蛋液分2-3次分别加入,确保每加依次鸡蛋液前都搅打均匀。(做无蛋版本的把这个蛋液用牛奶替换哈)
4、将低筋面粉筛入,用刮刀稍微搅拌均匀。
5、蔓越莓干倒入,并搅拌均匀。
6、将面团撮成条放入模具中整形,没有模具的可以直接撮成长条做成圆的,放入冰箱冻约2小时左右,冻硬就好,具体看实际情况哈,别冻太硬会不好切的。
7、好的面团取出,切约7mm的厚片,排入烤盘,放入预热好160度左右的烤箱中烘烤约22-23分钟左右,表面稍稍上色即可,烤好出炉晾凉~(如果怕烤焦,可以把温度改低一点,稍微延长点时间,最后的时间可以自己稍微看着点,也更不容易过火,觉得颜色太浅稍微调高一点温度直至合适就可以了)。
牛奶饼干
主料:无盐黄油80g、糖粉60g、普通面粉115g、玉米淀粉65g、奶粉40g、鸡蛋1个(去壳重约50g)。
做法步骤:
1、无盐黄油软化后加糖粉打至发白,加入鸡蛋搅打均匀。
2、筛入混合粉类(面粉、淀粉、奶粉)拌成团。
3、分成小剂子,搓成球,用叉子按压。
4、垂直之前纹路的方向再按压一次形成格子纹,完成所有生坯,送入预热好170℃的烤箱中烤20分钟即可。
巧克力软曲奇
主料:黄油70g、红糖20g、白砂糖8g、巧克力碎或者巧克力豆10g、热水30ml、低筋面粉100g。
做法步骤:
1、黄油室温软化。红糖10g和热水30ml混合,变成红糖水备用。
2、用打蛋器,打发,边打边加入10g红糖和8g白砂糖。打发到黄油成羽状即可。加入一半红糖水,筛入一半面粉。用橡皮刀拌匀。继续加红糖水和面粉,拌匀成泥状。
3、用裱花袋挤出圆形面糊,用勺子压扁。成4cm左右,两块饼干中间留足空隙。等下还会看膨胀。
4、上下火180°,12分钟左右。
红糖燕麦饼干
食材:植物油40g、红糖30g、水50ml、燕麦片100g、低筋面粉80g、黑芝麻25g、椰蓉25g。
做法步骤:
1、红糖用50毫升热开水融化。
2、低筋面粉过筛,和黑芝麻、椰蓉以及燕麦混合均匀好。
3、所有的食材放在一起,混合均匀至没有干面粉。
4、烤盘上面铺上锡纸,把面粉团压扁,大概0.5厘米的厚度。
5、烤箱180度中层,上下火15分钟,出炉冷却后就能吃啦,味道超级好。
咖啡核桃饼干
食材:三合一速溶咖啡粉2勺、植物油5g、低筋面粉120g、红糖30g、泡打粉0.5g、核桃50g、全蛋液60g。
做法步骤:
1、核桃去壳后对半掰开,不要弄碎。
2、红糖压细一点,把所有的食材混合均匀,揉至没有一点干面。
3、把揉好的面团揉成如图所示的形状,有点像欧包吧哈哈,放入冰箱冷冻1小时左右。
4、取出面团,切成1厘米左右厚的饼干片,放入烤箱175度25-30分钟即可,香香的带着坚果味好棒。
玛格丽特饼干
食材:低筋面粉50g、红薯淀粉50g、无盐黄油40g、鸡蛋液10g、盐0.5g、鸡蛋黄1个、糖粉20g。
做法步骤:
1、红薯粉和低筋面粉过筛,加入糖粉,黄油室温软化或者隔水融化。
2、一个鸡蛋煮熟以后(大概中火10分钟),取出蛋黄,用拇指按压蛋黄过筛,过筛以后还真是蛮漂亮的嘛。
3、把黄油、打散的鸡蛋液以及盐混合均匀,放入冰箱冷藏1小时。
4、冷藏一小时后取出面团,会有一点硬,不要担心,把面团分成小块揉一下就软了,再慢慢搓成小球。
5、趁小球还比较柔软的时候用大拇指压成饼,裂的不均匀或者不好看可以重新压一下。
6、放入烤箱170度上下火中层烤15分钟搞定。
红茶饼干
食材:低筋面粉115g、无盐黄油65g、鸡蛋液15g、红茶碎7g、泡打粉1g、细砂糖35g。
做法步骤:
1、红茶用搅拌机打碎。
2、粉类过筛后,把所有食材混合均匀至没有干面粉。
3、把面团放入冷冻室1小时后切片,0.8厘米左右,入烤箱中层180度15分钟。
4、茶叶的清香味有点头疼的时候闻着真的很舒服啊,超级喜欢。
注意事项
烤箱预热
烤箱一定要预热,烤箱在烘烤之前,必须提前将温度旋钮调至需要的温度,打开开关空烧一段时间,使产品进入烤箱时就能达到所需要的温度。烤箱预热的动作,可使饼干面团迅速定型,并且也能保持较好的口感。烤箱预热是非常重要的烘焙常识,一定不要忘记。烤箱的容积越大,所需的预热时间就越长,大约5-10分钟不等。
面糊的拌和
当所有的粉类全部过筛到黄油糊中以后,用橡皮刮刀要以不规则的方向来切拌、翻拌面糊,或是从下往上翻拌的形式。不要画圈搅拌,以免产生过多的面筋。
正确的烘烤方式
烘烤前,烤箱需要预热到指定的温度,一般5-8分钟即可。这样会让饼干在入烤箱的瞬间达到指定的烘烤温度,让饼干瞬间膨胀,口感形状都更好。出炉后的饼干放凉后,如果还是没有酥脆的口感,或者感觉中间发软,那就是时间还不够,可用150度的温度再烤几分钟。
少量多次加蛋液
油水不分离大家或许会认为材料一次通通加入搅拌似乎比较省事,其实,有些材料是必须少量多次的与其他材料混合才更好。比如在黄油和糖混合打松发之后,鸡蛋需先打散成蛋液后再分2-4次加入,而且每加入一次都要使蛋液充分的被黄油吸收完全后再加入下一次。因为一个鸡蛋里大约含有74%的水分,如果一次将所有的蛋液全部倒入奶油糊里,油脂和水分不容易结合,容易造成油水分离,搅合拌匀会非常吃力。切记,材料分次加入才能使成品的口感更加细致美味。
规格统一
形状的要求无论是手工塑形的饼干,还是切割类的饼干,或者是薄脆饼干以及挤花类的饼干,都要求同一烤盘的饼干大小、薄厚、形状基本一致,这样才能够均匀受热,成熟时间相同。
做好保存
手工饼干的保存完全冷却后应尽快装入保鲜盒或保鲜袋中,因为饼干会吸收湿气而变软,室温下可以保存10天-12天。如果有回软的现象,可以用低温(150度)烘烤几分钟,就会恢复原有的口感。也可以放入冰箱冷冻室冷冻几小时,也可以恢复口感。
蛋糕制作
蛋糕是一种古老的西点,一般是由烤箱制作的,蛋糕是用鸡蛋、白糖、小麦粉为主要原料。以牛奶、果汁、奶粉、香粉、色拉油、水,起酥油、泡打粉为辅料,经过搅拌、调制、烘烤后制成一种像海绵的点心。蛋糕通常以甜味为主,典型的蛋糕是以烤的方式制作出来。蛋糕的材料主要包括了面粉、甜味剂(通常是蔗糖)、黏合剂(一般是鸡蛋,素食主义者可用面筋和淀粉代替)、起酥油(一般是牛油或人造牛油,低脂肪含量的蛋糕会以浓缩果汁代替),液体(牛奶,水或果汁),香精和发酵剂(例如酵母或者发酵粉)。
蛋糕分类
按照蛋糕坯子分类:
1、海绵蛋糕(SpongeCake),主要是利用鸡蛋打进空气,经过烘焙使空气受热膨胀而把蛋糕撑大。这类蛋糕可以不加油脂质地柔软故又称清蛋糕,是最早出现的蛋糕。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。
2、戚风蛋糕(ChiffonCake),戚风蛋糕是乳沫类和面糊类蛋糕改良综合而成的。制作时蛋白、蛋黄须分开,分别打发,最后才混匀。其组织最为膨松,水分多而味道清淡不腻,十分受人欢迎。市面上蛋糕店大多用这坯子。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。
3、布丁蛋糕,主要是采用黄油、鸡蛋、白糖、牛奶为主要原料配以各式辅料,通过冷藏或烤制而成的一种欧式蛋糕。夏季要低温冷藏,冬季无需冷藏可保存3-5天。
4、慕思蛋糕,是用明胶凝结乳酪及鲜奶油而成,不必烘烤即可食用。是现今高级蛋糕的代表。夏季要低温冷藏,冬季无需冷藏可保存3-5天。
5、天使蛋糕(AngelFood Cake),属于乳沫类蛋糕,只用无油脂成分的蛋白部分,毫不油腻而且有弹性,非常爽口,其成品清爽雪白,仿佛安琪儿的食物,故称之为“天使蛋糕”。因为它不含油脂与胆固醇,特别适合于怕胖或有心血管疾病的人。是一种健康点心。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。
6、芝士蛋糕(CheeseCake),主要是采用多量的乳酪做成的高级蛋糕。是现今高级蛋糕的代表,亦是美食家的新宠。市面售价非常昂贵,需低温冷藏。
7、面糊类蛋糕(battertype cake),主要是采用大量的固体油脂,故又称油蛋糕。又分基本奶油蛋糕和重奶油蛋糕。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。
按照裱花材料分类:
1、鲜奶油蛋糕,鲜奶油是植物性油脂,主要从大豆提炼,爽而不腻,营养丰富,深受人们喜爱。
2、水果蛋糕,一般名牌蛋糕店制做鲜奶油蛋糕时,坯子切三层,加水果、加酒。现在一般说的水果蛋糕主要是鲜奶油蛋糕上摆上水果。
3、巧克力蛋糕,主要是戚风蛋糕坯子上浇铸融化的巧克力而成。
4、冰激凌蛋糕,用冰激凌代替鲜奶油。按用处可分为:生日、祝寿、生肖、婚庆等。
蛋糕种类和做法很多,今天教大家几款常规蛋糕做法。
彩虹蛋糕
主料:低筋面粉120g、白砂糖170g、鸡蛋6个、色拉油65g、淡奶油500g、食用色素(6色适量)、牛奶65g。
做法步骤:
1、准备好材料,然后准备模具,一般非专业级的同一款蛋糕模都不会有很多,所以得自己做模具了,用蛋糕模为参照,用锡纸做出一个锡纸模,做好6个,修剪边缘即可待用。
2、分离蛋白蛋黄,分好的蛋白和蛋黄分别装不同的打蛋盆中。
3、白砂糖30g加入蛋黄中,用手动打蛋器打至糖溶化。
4、加入色拉油和牛奶,继续搅拌成油水混合。
5、筛入低筋面粉,拌匀成蛋黄糊待用。
6、蛋白的盆里加几滴柠檬汁(没有可不加),分3次加入90g白砂糖,(可边打边加)用电动打蛋器打至硬性发泡,提起打蛋器有坚挺的角。
7、打好的蛋白霜用刮刀挖一勺到蛋黄糊盆中,从底部向上翻拌均匀。
8、翻拌好的蛋黄糊全部倒入到蛋白霜中继续翻拌均匀,蛋糕糊就做好了,接下来上色。
9、把蛋糕糊分装入不同的碗中,加入食用色素,翻拌均匀,(一次能烤几个就先调几个色,其它的蛋糕糊放冰箱)。
10、调好颜色的蛋糕糊倒入准备好的锡纸模中,放入烤盘入烤箱,中层,140度,烤14分钟,根据同样的方法做另外几个颜色。
11、烤好后的蛋糕片撕掉锡纸倒扣在烤网上散热。
12、500g动物奶油加50g白砂糖,隔冰水用电动打蛋器打硬成奶油呈明显纹路。
13、打好的奶油各挖出一点用食用色素调好装入裱花袋中备用,颜色和蛋糕片的颜色一致。
14、彻底凉透的蛋糕片休整掉不整齐的,然后一片一片的叠起来,中间加奶油。
15、中间奶油抹好,然后就是蛋糕抹面了,和平时其它的奶油蛋糕一样抹,抹好在顶部做彩虹。
16、裱花袋剪掉绿豆大的孔(不会把握的可以先剪一点挤出来看大小不够再剪)然后按颜色挤在上面就成了漂亮的彩虹了。
芒果千层蛋糕
主料:低筋面粉、鸡蛋、糖粉、黄油、牛奶、淡奶油、芒果、细砂糖。
做法步骤:
1、鸡蛋打散,加入糖粉拌匀,不要打发,加入牛奶拌匀成稀面糊。
2、黄油隔水融化成液态,倒入面糊中拌匀,面糊过筛,放入冰箱冷藏静置半小时。
3、平底锅涂一层薄薄的油,加热,舀一勺面糊(约70毫升)煎凝固,不要翻面。
4、依此煎好面糊,大约12块,放凉待用。
5、取一干净容器,倒入奶油和糖,打发。
6、芒果洗净取肉。
7、把未煎的一面朝上,铺上打发好的奶油,一次制做两层,从第三层到第六层每层都铺上奶油,再铺芒果肉,再铺奶油,然后把下一层饼皮铺上。
8、做最后一层时,先在蛋糕体四周裹上煎饼,然后铺上奶油,覆盖最后一片班戟即可。
酸奶蛋糕
食材:酸奶270g、低筋面粉90g、玉米淀粉25g、白砂糖60g、鸡蛋4个
做法步骤:
1、将蛋清和蛋黄分离,然后把蛋黄放到酸奶中。
2、把酸奶和蛋黄搅拌匀。
3、把低筋面粉和玉米淀粉筛到酸奶糊中,将面糊搅拌匀。
4、打发蛋清。先往蛋清中放入几滴柠檬汁或者白醋,再分三次加入白砂糖,用电动打蛋器将蛋白打发至大弯勾状态。(在打发蛋清的时候,要将烤箱提前预热上,上下火110度,15分钟)。
5、分三次将蛋白放入到面糊中,将面糊和蛋白翻拌匀(一定是翻拌哦,千万不要划圈,那样容易使蛋白消泡)。
6、蛋糕糊翻拌好,将蛋糕糊倒到两个模具中,然后用力振几下,振出气泡。
7、将蛋糕放到预热好的烤箱,然后在烤盘中倒入适量的清水,接下为上下火110烤120分钟。烤好后不要急着取出,要在烤箱中焖40分钟左右。最后取出晾凉即可脱模。
注意事项
选择新鲜的鸡蛋
在购买鸡蛋时要挑选蛋壳完整,表面粗糙的蛋较新鲜,若将蛋置于冰箱冷藏,应该在烹调前先将蛋取出置于室温下再行应用,制作蛋糕时若是须将蛋黄与蛋白分离一定要分的非常干净,若是蛋白中夹有蛋黄则蛋白就打不发。
蛋白的打法
蛋白要打得好一定用要干净的容器最好是不锈钢制的打蛋盆,容器中不能沾油,不能有水及蛋白中不能夹有蛋黄
秤量要精确
作西点时秤量是很重要的一定要量的非常精确,因为这可是烘焙成功的第一步。
面粉的使用
所有的粉类使用前都应先以筛子过筛,将面粉置于筛网上,一手持筛网,一手在边上轻轻拍打使面粉由空中飘落入钢盆中。
奶油的打法
冰冻的奶油的打法:冰冻的奶油是无法制作蛋糕的,所以在使用前必须事先将它放在室温下使其软化到用手指轻压奶油即会凹陷的程度即可。
鲜奶油的打法:最好是使用铝箔包装或是桶装的液态鲜奶油来制作,虽然金属罐装的鲜奶油使用上较方便,但是在售价上不仅较贵且质地也较粗,并不适合拿来做涂抹,鲜奶油使用前须要先摇几下或用筷子拌一下,再用电动搅拌器打到出现如波浪状的稠度即可。
材料混合的方法
不论是要混合什么样的材料都须分次加入而不是将所有材料全部加入,这样才能使成品细致又美味。
正确的烘烤方式
烤箱在烘烤前一定要先预热到所须的温度,体积大的蛋糕须用低温长时间烘焙,烘烤时若担心外表烤的太焦可将蛋糕表皮烤至金黄色后在表面覆盖上一层铝箔纸来隔开上火。
烤模的使用方法
烤蛋糕时的烤模在使用前须先涂抹一层薄薄的奶油再洒上一层高筋面粉或是先用防沾纸铺在烤模内部烤好的蛋糕才不会沾粘,饼干压模制作时须先洒上面粉则压好的饼干才容易取下。
法式西点的做法
饼干、蛋糕学会后,可以再渐渐地深层次研究法式风格西点、朱古力控温、淋面、喷砂手艺这些。给大家介绍几款经典西点做法。
舒芙蕾(Souffle)
舒芙蕾,又称蛋奶酥、梳乎厘,是于中世纪诞生的法国著名甜点。法文的“Souffle”就是吹气的意思。烤好的舒芙蕾要尽快品尝,否则会很快就塌。口感轻盈如云朵,入口似有似无,却满嘴乳香。
食材:低筋面粉30g、蛋黄2个、蛋白2个、鲜奶40ml、细砂糖20g、无盐黄油或食用油少许、开水少许。
做法步骤:
1、用黄油先将碗壁内擦一遍,之后撒上细砂糖,待用。
2、牛奶+黄油+20g糖+几滴香草精倒入奶锅中煮至微沸,离火。
3、低粉筛入牛奶中,搅拌均匀。
4、蛋黄、蛋清分离在2个干净的碗中。
5、将奶糊慢慢倒入蛋黄中,一边倒一边快速搅拌,防止蛋黄烫熟。
6、搅拌均匀的蛋黄糊过筛倒入奶锅中,筛出低粉颗粒,可用刮刀压散即可。之后重新回炉煮。
7、小火,一边煮一边搅拌,不能停,否则会糊。
8、煮好的蛋黄糊,细腻、粘稠、表面有光泽,放一边待用。
9、15g糖分3次加入蛋白中,打发至接近干性发泡,就是小啾啾顶端有个细小弯钩。
10、蛋白和蛋黄糊分3次均匀翻拌混合。
11、混合好的蛋糊,烤箱预热180度。
12、放进烤箱中层,烤18分钟,然后出炉撒上糖粉。
拿破仑Mille Feuilles
拿破仑是法国的经典甜品,好几层的酥皮夹上卡仕达酱组合而成的。
食材:【蛋糕底材料】富强粉750g、鲜蛋2公斤、白砂糖900g、粟粉150g
【水油酥皮】富强粉700g、猪油350g、鲜蛋150g、奶油忌林糖800g、香兰素适量
做法步骤:
1、将千层派皮用擀面棍擀平放入抹了油的烤盘中。
2、将派皮表面用叉子搓洞后,放入冰箱冷藏松弛约1小时。
3、蛋黄与细砂糖(50g)用打泡器搅拌至淡黄色。
4、加入融化的无盐牛油、牛奶、香草精拌匀,再放入已筛的低筋面粉与泡打粉轻轻拌匀。
5、将蛋白打起泡后,分次加入细砂糖(60g)继续打至偏干性发泡,再分次加入蛋黄液中拌匀。
6、取一个干净的烤盘铺上烤盘垫纸,将材料倒入并用软刮板抹平。
7、放入烤箱180/150℃烘烤约20~25分钟取出放凉,即为蛋糕体。
8、将千层派皮,放入已预热200/200℃烤箱烘烤约50分钟。
马卡龙
马卡龙意思是一种用蛋白、杏仁粉、白砂糖和糖霜制作,并夹有水果酱或奶油的法式甜点。马卡龙口感丰富、外脆内柔,外观五彩缤纷、精致小巧。
食材:杏仁粉40g,糖粉40g,蛋白33g,白糖22g、奶油奶酪35g,黄油15g,糖粉15g。
做法步骤:
1、把奶油奶酪和黄油切成小块,室温软化成膏状,筛入糖粉。
2、用电动打蛋器打发均匀。用保鲜膜贴面盖起来,放冰箱冷藏。
3、将糖粉和杏仁粉过筛。
4、在蛋白中加入22g白糖,用电动打蛋器打发至硬性状态。如果想做带颜色的就滴一滴食用色素,打发均匀即可。
5、把蛋白霜放到糖粉和杏仁粉的混合物中,用翻拌的方法混合均匀。刚开始不好翻拌也用压拌的方法先将它们混合在一起。用刮刀舀起一些粉糊,粉糊呈缎带状落下。
6、装进裱花袋里,挤在烤盘上。轻摔几下烤盘,震出里面的气泡,用牙签将没有震破的气泡挑开。
7、烤箱开热风功能,上下火70度,把烤盘放进去进行晾皮,时间大概是20-30分钟。晾皮的时候可以打开烤箱用手触摸表面,表面有弹性又不粘手就是晾好皮了。
8、晾好皮后把烤盘取出来,对烤箱进行预热,上下火170度,预热好后把烤箱放进去,烘烤7分钟左右,然后上下火调成120度烘烤13分钟左右。时间和温度仅供参考,大家根据自家的烤箱脾气进行调节。总体上来说是先用高温把裙边烤出来,然后再用低温烤熟内部。
9、冷却后把夹馅填充上即可。放冰箱冷藏后味道更好。
面包的做法
相对饼干、蛋糕来说,面包从选面粉到和面再到发酵,再到二次发酵,每一道工序都关乎成功的关键,每一个步骤都是新手必学的重点,那今天我们就来看看,学做烘焙必须的三个步骤。
和面、搅面
做面包烘焙,首先第一个步骤,是和面,而在西点烘焙中,最主要的是搅面。面包制作常选用高筋面粉,其含有极高的蛋白质,而做烘焙,一般不是人工手动和面,一般都是使用面包机或者是厨师机来完成,机器不停的搅拌。
在机器搅拌过程中,把面粉中的筋度一步一步加强,直到搅拌面团可以形成一层薄膜,用手能轻易的拉出透光的膜,用手指捅不易破裂,这个时候的面团就达到了完全阶段,那制作面包烘焙的第一个重要步骤也就算完成,面粉筋度达到最强,那制作出来的面包也就更有弹性。
发酵
西点烘焙发酵和中式面食发酵很大程度相同,但有小部分是有区别的,一样的是需要进行三个步骤。第一次发酵,发酵之后醒面,醒面之后再进行二次发酵,二次发酵完成后即可完成整个发酵过程,这个过程对于整个烘焙来说是极为重要的。
首先我们来讲讲第一次发酵,第一次发酵,可以用面包机来定时发酵,但这个适合冬天,因为自然温度较低,但是如果是夏天,空气温度足够,(大概室温达到25度的时候)那就可以完全采用自然发酵,但如果室温低于20度的时候,那就不得不在面包机中发酵。在面包机总,一般发酵一个小时即可,面团在第一次发酵的过程中,慢慢从面粉变成了有生命力的组织,使面团有了味道,发酵赋与了面粉活力。
其次我们来讲讲醒面,第一次发酵完成之后,要注意把面粉中的空气排除,让分割后的面团面筋松弛,使后面的整形变的容易进行,所以必须要来一次醒发过程,其实这个过程很简单,在第一次发酵后,面团一般会涨至两倍左右大,只要用手指蘸上面粉戳一个深洞,洞口不发生塌陷,也不回缩,即一发完成。
醒面过程完成之后,我们就进行二次发酵,二次发酵比第一次发酵所需温度要高,通常20-30摄氏度适合,太低面团变硬,并且影响发面速度,而太高,面团则会更软塌,虽然时间会更快。所以二发不但要有20至35的温度,还要有85%湿度来使得面团表皮不失水,所以一般我们都依靠烤箱来完成二发,进入烤箱二发的时候,烤盘下面要加一碗约40度热水,尤其是到了冬天,热水冷掉了要拿出从新替换,使得最后发酵达到最完美的效果,时间约40分钟至50分钟。
烘烤
这是第三个重要的步骤,一般大家都知道,为了让面包看起来更加有光泽有食欲,一般会在面包表面刷上一层蛋液,另外就是关于烤面包的需要掌握的火候,而烤面包的火候也有三个步骤,就是“先低、后高、再低”的不同火候,这样可以烤制出合乎质量要求的面包,但是要特别注意视情况而定。
关于火的三个阶断
一般是这样,第一阶段上火要低(120℃左右),底火要高(不超过250~260℃),这样既可以避免面包表面很快定形,又能使面包膨胀适度。第二阶段上火、底火都要高,上火可达270℃,底火不超过270~300℃,使面包定形。第三阶段逐步将上火降为180~200℃,底火降为140~160℃,命名面包表面焦化,形成鲜明色泽,并提高香味。
面包种类和做法很多,今天教大家几款常规面包做法:
坚果大列巴面包
食材:面包粉400g、奶粉15g、酵母8g、盐4g、绵白糖65g、牛奶200g、鸡蛋1个、色拉油25g、黄油25g、坚果仁150g。
做法步骤:
1、准备好所有食材。
2、除了黄油、坚果之外,按先液体后固体的顺序,将材料放到揉面桶中,揉至扩展阶段,加入黄油后,再揉至完全扩展阶段,可拉出的薄膜不易破,洞眼边缘呈光滑状态。
3、面团整理成光滑面团,放至温暖处发酵,约28度左右,湿度为75%,发酵至2倍大,手沾面粉,面团扎眼不回缩。
4、面团再次揉搓排气,分成两等份。
5、取一个面团擀开,平铺上适量的干果,卷起后放于烤盘上,进行二次发酵,涮上蛋液,烤箱200度预热,转170度上下火烤35分钟。
淡奶蛋白吐司
食材:高粉280g、酵母3.5g、绵白糖23g、淡奶油60g、蛋清80g、盐3g、无盐黄油15g、清水70g
做法步骤:
1、除了黄油之外,食材按使方法先液体后固体顺序放到面桶中,揉至扩展阶段后加入软化的黄油,再揉于完全扩展阶段,可拉出薄膜且不易破。
2、面团收圆后盖好进行发酵至2倍大,再次揉搓光滑,分成三等分,醒发15分钟后,擀成长舌状,从一边卷起。
3、取一个面团再次擀成长舌状,卷起后放到吐司模具中,进行二次发酵至9分满,涮上蛋液,预热后,上下火170度烤5分钟,转165度烤35分钟,后期上色后可盖上锡纸。
酸奶紫薯毛毛虫面包
食材:高筋面粉250g、奶粉15g、酵母3g、细砂糖25g、精盐2g、鸡蛋1个、纯牛奶140g、无盐黄油25g、卡仕达酱、无盐黄油50g、清水50g、低筋面粉50g、全蛋液80g、紫薯泥200g、酸奶100g。
做法步骤:
1、面团食材除了黄油之外,所有材料混合制作成发面团,分成6份,醒15分钟,取一个面团擀开,一边擀薄后卷起。
2、制作卡仕达酱,将黄油50g、清水50g烧开后,加入低粉50g,搅拌均匀后关火,稍微放至温度,分次加入鸡蛋液,搅拌至光滑细腻的面糊。
3、面包二次发酵结束后涮上鸡蛋液,用裱花袋挤上卡仕达酱,烤箱预热后上下火180烤18分钟。
注意事项
面包机揉面一定要到位
选择3个和面程序,才能将面团揉到完全扩展,这样做出来的面包比较松软,口感比较好。整个流程,需要花费60分钟。
发酵时要控制好温度
第一次发酵所需温度为28℃—29℃,发酵时间通常不是固定的,主要视发酵情况而定。在面包桶内洒些水,控制好温度,发酵出来的面包口感好,不易焦。
烘烤一定要把握住火候
面包烘烤是做面包的重要缓解,需要把握好烘烤时间,选择中等的颜色。如果喜欢吃酥一点,颜色选择深色,这样面包烤出来会焦一点。如果选择浅色,面包颜色较淡,时间不低于35分钟。
原材料选择及面粉与液体的比例
面粉和液体的比例为3:1,和好面后,面粉一定要使用高筋面粉。通酵母发酵时间长要3个小时以上,发酵在2小时内完成。如果添加果料,一次性加,不要分太多次。
学习途径
学烘培可以去专业的烘焙学校,或者是去一些品牌面包店做学徒,也可以在网上进行了解自学。
蛋糕烘焙房
去蛋糕烘焙房学徒可以接触到各式各样的西点产品,在工作过程中师傅会教一些技能知识给你,但是自己动手实操的机会是非常少的,所以学习起来较慢。
专业的蛋糕烘焙学校
专业的西点培训学校会教多种不同西点制作工艺,以及市场流行产品,还有各种网红流行西点制作。也有一系列的开店的相关知识就教给学员。所以想开店创业或者没有基础想学烘焙,建议去专业的蛋糕烘焙学校学习。
自学
自学是最省时而且学习成本最低的学习方法。但是一定要坚持,切忌“三天打鱼,两天晒网”。
必看书籍推荐
《食物与厨艺》——哈洛德·马基,比较侧重理论。
《专业烘焙》(第3版)——韦恩·吉斯伦,理论与食谱相结合。
《学徒面包师》——彼得·莱因哈特,理论与食谱相结合
烘培app推荐
下厨房
这个我想大家应该所有了解,学做菜基本都会下载的APP,里面有各种各样的做菜教程。烘焙达人也会在上面写一些烘焙配方,教授各种甜品。
米熊
这是一个以烘焙为主的直播视频APP,里面包含了,烘焙,裱花,翻糖等各种课程,有付费有免费的课程,大多想学的里面都有。对于初学者,对烘焙感兴趣,或者不愿意花太多钱学习烘焙的朋友来讲是一个很好的学习APP。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着现代生活节奏的加快,烘焙食品已经成为一种时尚、营养、高效的消费品。越来越多的人选择去学习烘焙,他们学习的出发点各有不同,有的是为了自己的兴趣爱好,有的是为了想从事这项工作后续就业或开店创业,那么新手小白如何开始学烘焙呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8USK8kg6428IoYIsXxuwQJ"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniACU0Ag4y0cOwn1pAT8msd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烤箱:如果自己家里制作,吃的量少,可以先买小烤箱,但是至少也要35L以上的。一定是上下独立控温,最好带热风。不能找特别便宜的,便宜意味着温度不准,加热不均匀。还要搭配烤箱温度计,两个最好,一个也可以。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOYsAasOKMoWIHWKm99eLh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":854,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e391b4ed94714e19bb14049f40c2b8a2","width":1280},"text":"","id":"doxcnkoOKWaaS2kYmIPcAQLQ6ye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打蛋器(电动\u0026手动):电动跟手动都要配备。缺一不可。电动尽量买功率大一点的,当然,买烤箱会赠送,也可以凑合用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw4MOI6CgMgIa8h42KbwJEd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":659,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cfe4551762984dc0a9b5988a7a44077f","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnEec0MEGYyUOqwFAnJMyp5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刮刀(和刮板):翻拌蛋糕糊等,刮板不同形状,一个套装3-5个就够用了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny0iYUmGKAMcqG2FcRCpPGg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":751,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e2bb00edd8f94b3b964c647b56a9b33d","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnwOE4OaaCMQsgnlhnW9e6h7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硅胶垫:揉面团,做饼干等。案板会粘,硅胶垫防粘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaaWSaKWYoGSMU7keNcL33d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":589,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba764e2b3ec741efbe589431f7ad2891","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnmOsyseC8eOw2E9944HGWsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"测量用品:电子秤,最好是精确到0.1g的。量勺、量杯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmCiYMqMkaWugpq5aPLclBK"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1023,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c108c49b2be848109a7ee0e8a2d6ce5b","width":955},"text":"","id":"doxcnuWEACwwwEWoSIn07LG5kQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筛网:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"有大小套装,建议选用60-80目的,筛出的面粉更细腻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGG8mMqIkKWeuUOLTkEl9vz"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":750,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/867198c7b05341288489f9e7b333b9f5","width":750},"text":"","id":"doxcnKcKkO8OuWM0kxBd9srnoN2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各种模具:看你从哪种入门,就先买哪种模具,不用急着一气配齐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyYUMkQs2yeM6CarIX90KIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/13af3d33d8da4754b30c27aadd86d11f","width":300},"text":"","id":"doxcnWKs6OWygawYEOmMxgrJEkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各种碗盆:家里够多就不用另外购置了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni2c8swI4IiYw219iRGkxbh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":489,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6446588814cc4bc994d34e14eb5d6b5c","width":750},"text":"","id":"doxcnYyWc0aKy4WK4EpSUydQWKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨师机:这个做面包是必备的,就算拥有麒麟臂,也不如机器揉的好,采购要点就是要大功率,外加静音,买一些主流品牌就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIsiEWCegeg8uMqVTmW3rf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":931,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"烘培必备工具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d3a9fa25695c4d91b1331dc4ad8cfc21","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnW2K6aOO8Qu6Oiy1hWu93kG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常规烘培材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqaWg6aEWaOkuqm6hKBxwJe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"面粉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQk4AMSiCg66me62Yx6lNAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中餐一般用到的面粉都是中筋面粉,也是我们普通老百姓接触最多的面粉。家里常做的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"面条、包子,馒头、烙饼、饺子等等用到的都是中筋面粉。但烘焙中我们最常见的生日蛋糕或者饼干则是要用低筋面粉,吃的面包则要用高筋面粉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE8GU2YUimko0yGDeTNZUcc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"低筋面粉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncIGqeUQY4YI0k6f89o6fjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水份13.8%,蛋白质含量为8.5%以下的面粉。这样的面粉筋度弱,口感绵软蓬松,适合做蛋糕,饼干等酥类的糕点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw8ekMUSemI688BmDria28f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中筋面粉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaU4CWsYaiQK2MzLtrCBC9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","tex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。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS2oayQEew4UwCUCmKxFyFg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"泡芙类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM8S4yekoYIsmy44jiyyaEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泡芙也称气鼓。以鸡蛋、油、糖为主料,采用烫制面团,经过挤糊成型,产品成熟后,体积膨胀数倍,因其饼壳松脆缺味,主要依靠馅心来调味。成品经装饰后,精细美观,再配以各色各样的馅料,使产品外脆里糯,绵软香甜,滋润可口,很受消费者的欢迎。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnumSeciEkCMWAkkepShFrSv"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"冷冻点心类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncO6gYiW2kc8GmAutoVmQEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"冷冻点心一般指以糖、牛奶、鸡蛋、水果、明胶为原料,经搅拌冷冻或冷冻搅拌制作而成的一类甜食,适用于午餐、晚餐的餐后甜食或非用餐时闲食。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2sKyW20ssGUIxvEwEtvSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"巧克力类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMCg4qwEIu6SyG8mT2sAzIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"指直接使用巧克力或以巧克力为原料,配以奶油、果仁、酒类等调制成的产品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU6Egycs6EwiSoVOLlKPpWd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":683,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"巧克力类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/28522ccda7944ba29ccb421a166f73cd","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnqYGU2KuII22Wm8n83EsQEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY0kOG4aAwq8mKXJhhrZzEH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘焙初学者升阶之途需遵循由简至难,饼干—蛋糕—西点—面包。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8iqusGsicgigvBwhGDwMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"饼干制作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY4UqaEMAqG22od5ulmRkBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘焙初学者一般都是会从最容易的饼干下手。饼干非常好的一点便是通过率很高,只需调节好家用烤箱的溫度和時间,取得成功冒着香味的饼干总是能让初学者信心十足。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0MmwqmGcWkOewff08Q4GCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"饼干应该是每个人最爱吃的零食榜单里的前十了!甜的咸的、巧克力味的草莓味的、薄脆的夹心的、硬的软的...总有一款是你的爱。今天就来学习几款常规饼干的做法吧!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4SsSkGSmIu0eMKQCXrqEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蔓越莓饼干","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSsQyOMaS2mMAEcj2uNQjkb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":421,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"蔓越莓饼干","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f8efd07f206470391b8bb56706962e9","width":650},"text":"","id":"doxcneYQiYUAyE6Sscv00evdAAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主料:低筋面粉(含蛋配方)110g、黄油(含蛋配方)70g、鸡蛋液(含蛋配方)12g、蔓越莓干(含蛋配方)35g、糖粉(含蛋配方)50g。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuQ4WseeKmYcMw5Ji6305oh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅料:低筋面粉(无蛋配方)185g、黄油(无蛋配方)100g、牛奶(无蛋配方)15ml(14~15g)、蔓越莓干(无蛋配方)50g、糖粉(无蛋配方)75g。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2qwE0KqGOOScl93v5Nslf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:1、黄油切小块,室温软化,稍微搅打几下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEa4auwkcm6SgPzTMUJn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、加糖粉,继续搅打均匀至颜色变浅,体积膨大(糖粉加进去可以用刮刀和黄油稍微拌几下,不然糖粉容易溅出来~)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO6UAoMUkq6mi8LbhO4nWTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、将蛋液分2-3次分别加入,确保每加","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"依次","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"鸡蛋液前都搅打均匀。(做无蛋版本的把这个蛋液用牛奶替换哈)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwCmosQIa62uUQJzTbmfzyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、将低筋面粉筛入,用刮刀稍微搅拌均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyCOK8YM6uoIoURYZAqI8xe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、蔓越莓干倒入,并搅拌均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS4ss2CcOeEuKy4g859YU2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、将面团撮成条放入模具中整形,没有模具的可以直接撮成长条做成圆的,放入冰箱冻约2小时左右,冻硬就好,具体看实际情况哈,别冻太硬会不好切的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE2ssawqcC6uQSAqsb4Q67c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、好的面团取出,切约7mm的厚片,排入烤盘,放入预热好160度左右的烤箱中烘烤约22-23分钟左右,表面稍稍上色即可,烤好出炉晾凉~(如果怕烤焦,可以把温度改低一点,稍微延长点时间,最后的时间可以自己稍微看着点,也更不容易过火,觉得颜色太浅稍微调高一点温度直至合适就可以了)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqoYK2yUOcK6Siwb9kWlyme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牛奶饼干","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUOQQk8CGag0g9Ypoll0zb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牛奶饼干","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6280889d74134522a1a6a8cbb6cdb67e","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnEu0U88EI4AeySY5AZgx4Yb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主料:无盐黄油80g、糖粉60g、普通面粉115g、玉米淀粉65g、奶粉40g、鸡蛋1个(去壳重约50g)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkOwqIsSkg268WGsXbvvDUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQKiEw8IosySKmvUxtkNyfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、无盐黄油软化后加糖粉打至发白,加入鸡蛋搅打均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqcgc2Eu8qSsYe4nyfxbLZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、筛入混合粉类(面粉、淀粉、奶粉)拌成团。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4eGgyMamkc6UQBbygb7I6d"},{"type":"para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":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnua2KiScmMKWsyWejZoNfug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、红薯粉和低筋面粉过筛,加入糖粉,黄油室温软化或者隔水融化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqQ8cUQuEQEoouSbCGGIp9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、一个鸡蛋煮熟以后(大概中火10分钟),取出蛋黄,用拇指按压蛋黄过筛,过筛以后还真是蛮漂亮的嘛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngyA6ckIMSSU2SuDu6uIAwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、把黄油、打散的鸡蛋液以及盐混合均匀,放入冰箱冷藏1小时。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWmAkICmAeISesSnhy1XGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、冷藏一小时后取出面团,会有一点硬,不要担心,把面团分成小块揉一下就软了,再慢慢搓成小球。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WeggmW6MgyU2jhV1nDaef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、趁小球还比较柔软的时候用大拇指压成饼,裂的不均匀或者不好看可以重新压一下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccy22uw4gi2uyOVh2rPGwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、放入烤箱170度上下火中层烤15分钟搞定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmKkwA68QUsWQeeBJ6ko7eh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"红茶饼干","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneSyio0eggAQ02V6dJKXeDe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":413,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"红茶饼干","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/17ddd32ed6f1441b82adbbef8819a5d0","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnss88KagCw6MIMjbfKOnnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食材:低筋面粉115g、无盐黄油65g、鸡蛋液15g、红茶碎7g、泡打粉1g、细砂糖35g。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnac6kcUUyyG8GH8eF9TbQCx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKSuC8gW4mkK42NiziFewTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、红茶用搅拌机打","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"碎。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns8WiaqiiOKIGsZneTs2HQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、粉类过筛后,把所有食材混合均匀至没有干面粉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKqOuGkiwqiACq6TmCJua4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、把面团放入冷冻室1小时后切片,0.8厘米左右,入烤箱中层180度15分钟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2W4I2QqiiQu8A5eFiDSqhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、茶叶的清香味有点头疼的时候闻着真的很舒服啊,超级喜欢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne28Ms0mAYW0WO0swicWRmf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn26WgwwA8aquIMEoc4K2zMm"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"烤箱预热","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniCamg6iOy8GC876ymPHlZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烤箱一定要预热,烤箱在烘烤之前,必须提前将温度旋钮调至需要的温度,打开开关空烧一段时间,使产品进入烤箱时就能达到所需要的温度。烤箱预热的动作,可使饼干面团迅速定型,并且也能保持较好的口感。烤箱预热是非常重要的烘焙常识,一定不要忘记。烤箱的容积越大,所需的预热时间就越长,大约5-10分钟不等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAKgiumK8MSWOQnDYkC1Njb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"面糊的拌和","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqecg4yuKYeoIwaXtJKJSBy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当所有的粉类全部过筛","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"到黄油糊中以后,用橡皮刮刀要以不规则的方向来切拌、翻拌面糊,或是从下往上翻拌的形式。不要画圈搅拌,以免产生过多的面筋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUks8K88YS2QkgndBg7n42f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的烘烤方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn28gSGaWEkuCmamiOE1ds3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘烤前,烤箱需要预热到指定的温度,一般5-8分钟即可。这样会让饼干在入烤箱的瞬间达到指定的烘烤温度,让饼干瞬间膨胀,口感形状都更好。出炉后的饼干放凉后,如果还是没有酥脆的口感,或者感觉中间发软,那就是时间还不够,可用150度的温度再烤几分钟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaMK8ymg4U6aiecNzH9LBoc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"少量多次加蛋液","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2KywQyQeuAYiSuBl9DNP0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油水不分离大家或许会认为材料一次通通加入搅拌似乎比较省事,其实,有些材料是必须少量多次的与其他材料混合才更好。比如在黄油和糖混合打松发之后,鸡蛋需先打散成蛋液后再分2-4次加入,而且每加入一次都要使蛋液充分的被黄油吸收完全后再加入下一次。因为一个鸡蛋里大约含有74%的水分,如果一次将所有的蛋液全部倒入奶油糊里,油脂和水分不容易结合,容易造成油水分离,搅合拌匀会非常吃力。切记,材料分次加入才能使成品的口感更加细致美味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCM8MuyusoYQwSydknZxlle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"规格统一","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWuMWq6YYEWqYUps9tZlb7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"形状的要求无论是手工塑形的饼干,还是切割类的饼干,或者是薄脆饼干以及挤花类的饼干,都要求同一烤盘的饼干大小、薄厚、形状基本一致,这样才能够均匀受热,成熟时间相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKkWw6a8aa0KC2zt8UcOl2d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好保存","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno88oaem6Yuke23SfbL7mNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工饼干的保存完全冷却后应尽快装入保鲜盒或保鲜袋中,因为饼干会吸收湿气而变软,室温下可以保存10天-12天。如果有回软的现象,可以用低温(150度)烘烤几分钟,就会恢复原有的口感。也可以放入冰箱冷冻室冷冻几小时,也可以恢复口感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKsgukO4qs8mmMe43Ewc1ws"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":682,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"做好保存","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e5e35e1c7796426ba64677d1184ebd2a","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnc60qe0gsOyaaCEETLuD5mh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蛋糕制作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqaiUqwysU6AWEvn0bmdGed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蛋糕是一种古老的西点,一般是由烤箱制作的,蛋糕是用鸡蛋、白糖、小麦粉为主要原料。以牛奶、果汁、奶粉、香粉、色拉油、水,起酥油、泡打粉为辅料,经过搅拌、调制、烘烤后制成一种像海绵的点心。蛋糕通常以甜味为主,典型的蛋糕是以烤的方式制作出来。蛋糕的材料主要包括了面粉、甜味剂(通常是蔗糖)、黏合剂(一般是鸡蛋,素食主义者可用面筋和淀粉代替)、起酥油(一般是牛油或人造牛油,低脂肪含量的蛋糕会以浓缩果汁代替),液体(牛奶,水或果汁),香精和发酵剂(例如酵母或者发酵粉)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAkmwsyemksy6ZfzLrAase"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":624,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"蛋糕制作","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9e9e4ad27edc4e8ebcbe0a63f70034d7","width":1000},"text":"","id":"doxcnUW8wqMU4g2WW2defgRHRwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蛋糕分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakAUA6eKcCQiSmKUNysYmk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照蛋糕坯子分类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS4ueMUaCqYQom0z3NhcHGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、海绵蛋糕(SpongeCake),主要是利用鸡蛋打进空气,经过烘焙使空气受热膨胀而把蛋糕撑大。这类蛋糕可以不加油脂质地柔软故又称清蛋糕,是最早出现的蛋糕。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WKqIMmG2EEkKga1P5ZXkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、戚风蛋糕(ChiffonCake),戚风蛋糕是乳沫类和面糊类蛋糕改良综合而成的。制作时蛋白、蛋黄须分开,分别打发,最后才混匀。其组织最为膨松,水分多而味道清淡不腻,十分受人欢迎。市面上蛋糕店大多用这坯子。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYym8gsyc0om0b1P6j0BpzI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、布丁蛋糕,主要是采用黄油、鸡蛋、白糖、牛奶为主要原料配以各式辅料,通过冷藏或烤制而成的一种欧式蛋糕。夏季要低温冷藏,冬季无需冷藏可保存3-5天。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuoaYK2IE66oeEtcaSok4Ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、慕思蛋糕,是用明胶凝结乳酪及鲜奶油而成,不必烘烤即可食用。是现今高级蛋糕的代表。夏季要低温冷藏,冬季无需冷藏可保存3-5天。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS82MOi80AswC8xIjSkEsjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、天使蛋糕(AngelFood Cake),属于乳沫类蛋糕,只用无油脂成分的蛋白部分,毫不油腻而且有弹性,非常爽口,其成品清爽雪白,仿佛安琪儿的食物,故称之为“天使蛋糕”。因为它不含油脂与胆固醇,特别适合于怕胖或有心血管疾病的人。是一种健康点心。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAG6EyKc08cGyugTyXCOdK6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、芝士蛋糕(CheeseCake),主要是采用多量的乳酪做成的高级蛋糕。是现今高级蛋糕的代表,亦是美食家的新宠。市面售价非常昂贵,需低温冷藏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKkGmIo00UEAc65eVKu7ane"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、面糊类蛋糕(battertype cake),主要是采用大量的固体油脂,故又称油蛋糕。又分基本奶油蛋糕和重奶油蛋糕。常温:冬季可保存3天,夏季可保存1天,最好低温冷藏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncQQIokYYwyO6o3srgCfHzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照裱花材料分类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwyi0w0ccCo64WKaxJqF7Ge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、鲜奶油蛋糕,鲜奶油是植物性油脂,主要从大豆提炼,爽而不腻,营养丰富,深受人们喜爱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KaKsC6Ag64W6zicMfO0dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、水果蛋糕,一般名牌蛋糕店制做鲜奶油蛋糕时,坯子切三层,加水果、加酒。现在一般说的水果蛋糕主要是鲜奶油蛋糕上摆上水果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMO0MMsceKOi2Qlp1nGf2bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、巧克力蛋糕,主要是戚风蛋糕坯子上浇铸融化的巧克力而成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWemeUUECyS4oF6x6oSygnG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、冰激凌蛋糕,用冰激凌代替鲜奶油。按用处可分为:生日、祝寿、生肖、婚庆等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIgKwOYwcwGUm0oO6gQnedd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蛋糕种类和做法很多,今天教大家几款常规蛋糕做法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0a4q6gGoKsuMChSUGTiabR"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"彩虹蛋糕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOk4cYEqyQkMQ4ggwgq12Mc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彩虹蛋糕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/287dbafd89814bc78931afe1cd430266","width":540},"text":"","id":"doxcnGu002kaMqko2FgFr2rLFdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主料:低筋面粉120g、白砂糖170g、鸡蛋6个、色拉油65g、淡奶油500g、食用色素(6色适量)、牛奶65g。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW0WIukCISGcYS0t3oIZ76d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQCUyqQ2sy4yAqgVOdSctXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、准备好","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"材料,然后准备模具,一般非专业级的同一款蛋糕模都不会有很多,所以得自己做模具了,用蛋糕模为参照,用锡纸做出一个锡纸模,做好6个,修剪边缘即可待用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOsyq000C8MagFQ6KX6sgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、分离蛋白蛋黄,分好的蛋白和蛋黄分别装不同的打蛋盆中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0osKKsCeIyUoiq2Fgm378e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、白砂糖30g加入蛋黄中,用手动打蛋器打至糖溶化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKwIuwM0WimWkQXKTl09w6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、加入色拉油和牛奶,继续搅拌成油水混合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWquMwI0uEymEwVq3RGZIcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、筛入低筋面粉,拌匀成蛋黄糊待用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn68k4MM6seYs8g3OFi3P6of"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、蛋白的盆里加几滴柠檬汁(没有可不加),分3次加入90g白砂糖,(可边打边加)用电动打蛋器打至硬性发泡,提起打蛋器有坚挺的角。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WQuUu4swCmKEYouWawB5z"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、打好的蛋白霜用刮刀挖一勺到蛋黄糊盆中,从底部向上翻拌均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOW8UKk2k4aEE53twbcWye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、翻拌好的蛋黄糊全部倒入到蛋白霜中继续翻拌均匀,蛋糕糊就做好了,接下来上色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86IYU4ImYko6y8gxozc1ld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、把蛋糕糊分装入不同的碗中,加入食用色素,翻拌均匀,(一次能烤几个就先调几个色,其它的蛋糕糊放冰箱)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM8a0e2kyUgoMwtqaWwzUCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、调好颜色的蛋糕糊倒入准备好的锡纸模中,放入烤盘入烤箱,中层,140度,烤14分钟,根据同样的方法做另外几个颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iQgkMAI0uekkDm6Rmo3gh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、烤好后的蛋糕片撕掉锡纸倒扣在烤网上散热。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEEOsY4O0CAuoJWtJ3lRxmn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、500g动物奶油加50g白砂糖,隔冰水用电动打蛋器打硬成奶油呈明显纹路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwIMOkmYac0MEJkcEvaTXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、打好的奶油各挖出一点用食用色素调好装入裱花袋中备用,颜色和蛋糕片的颜色一致。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Sq28YsEiKOiE5iXC4Abjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、彻底凉透的蛋糕片休整掉不整齐的,然后一片一片的叠起来,中间加奶油。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAewYGK4gm4ioqGQMq3c9bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、中间奶油抹好,然后就是蛋糕抹面了,和平时其它的奶油蛋糕一样抹,抹好在顶部做彩虹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEy28O2eq8eQMyqwakcDJrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、裱花袋剪掉绿豆大的孔(不会把握的可以先剪一点挤出来看大小不够再剪)然后按颜色挤在上面就成了漂亮的彩虹了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqyi0IEY2OKA0gPJjKrMf5d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"芒果千层蛋糕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIoUaK8cW0uussPExBarxSh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1280,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"芒果千层蛋糕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2da3e85ec60540cf9747c82d82a041d0","width":1920},"text":"","id":"doxcnSOQQSAEoaYeca4cfFEuzHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主料:低筋面粉、鸡蛋、糖粉、黄油、牛奶、淡奶油、芒果、细砂糖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoeE8Oq8cyKoKeocARmqNEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmiQGc6oKEU6gG4cFkiAp2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、鸡","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"蛋打散,加入糖粉拌匀,不要打发,加入牛奶拌匀成稀面糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG82IcyKUq4Q6U1lwmaAMld"},{"type":"paragraph","chi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Feuilles","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne8GG2mKW0u2oOWyUlMjbTb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":622,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拿破仑Mille Feuilles","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7725d71f2f3f4465a9fc4be9e227897e","width":828},"text":"","id":"doxcnMc6qguQiKAkMuGta5YqArd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拿破仑是法国的经典甜品,好几层的酥皮夹上卡仕达酱组合而成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWOCAIOYWqiumArKb6r0dSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食材:【蛋糕底材料】富强粉750g、鲜蛋2公斤、白砂糖900g、粟粉150g","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyg0O20gaEKSwG2Iyh4qZZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【水油酥皮】富强粉700g、猪油350g、鲜蛋150g、奶油忌林糖800g、香兰素适量","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYow6ugmUk02usTYHjCGfde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmQGOSQu6ioiWUZEv6X19xb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将千层","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"派皮用擀面棍擀平放入抹了油的烤盘中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6CwISssmgs6Ok2WZxQpwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、将派皮表面用叉子搓洞后,放入冰箱冷藏松弛约1小时。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS2uMsoMyYmUmGmYfiXXFge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":643,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拿破仑Mille Feuilles","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd214ef5e6304304b59d7e632fdbe927","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcniAUSaAeoYASK4uNdMHWwKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、蛋黄与细砂糖(50g)用打泡器搅拌至淡黄色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAWcmguwussuESw2zOh7Ykh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、加入融化的无盐牛油、牛奶、香草精拌匀,再放入已筛的低筋面粉与泡打粉轻轻拌匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUiMWiKgEAMcS0Ojhq0YO8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、将蛋白打起泡后,分次加入细砂糖(60g)继续打至偏干性发泡,再分次加入蛋黄液中拌匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wiWy2EsyS6O2FuYQ8yUof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、取一个干净的烤盘铺上烤盘垫纸,将材料倒入并用软刮板抹平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniOSgMqsACEgOUHBUxYLoVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、放入烤箱180/150℃烘烤约20~25分钟取出放凉,即为蛋糕体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmqeg6qiUKgYUqKGevQRtnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、将千层派皮,放入已预热200/200℃烤箱烘烤约50分钟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAs8gM4McG4sMgPlM82elig"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"马卡龙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEc2ucQKSAMU8aIRN9JDvMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"马卡龙意思是一种用蛋白、杏仁粉、白砂糖和糖霜制作,并夹有水果酱或奶油的法式甜点。马卡龙口感丰富、外脆内柔,外观五彩缤纷、精致小巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCkCKeiCU8OS2MzcAvMYRhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食材:杏仁粉40g,糖粉40g,蛋白33g,白糖22g、奶油奶酪35g,黄油15g,糖粉15g。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0qoYw6e2M6UUTp2cGreWmw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWqUIyKEyKOAIsJNnt4FNPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、把奶油奶酪和黄油切成小块,室温软化成膏状,筛入糖粉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIeCIO6yA6ugOuW2Z2Cvdpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、用电动打蛋器打发均匀。用保鲜膜贴面盖起来,放冰箱冷藏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIAuqqysSqmUwwdL9lStNmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、将糖粉和杏仁粉过筛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUeCmkGoCqK8E7epQQWbWq5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在蛋白中加入22g白糖,用电动打蛋器打发至硬性状态。如果想做带颜色的就滴一滴食用色素,打发均匀即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKCKik2YiSacA1UpDd8J9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、把蛋白霜放到糖粉和杏仁粉的混合物中,用翻拌的方法混合均匀。刚开始不好翻拌也用压拌的方法先将它们混合在一起。用刮刀舀起一些粉糊,粉糊呈缎带状落下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6gCw6EQUAE8ySGvkmd5CYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、装进裱花袋里,挤在烤盘上。轻摔几下烤盘,震出里面的气泡,用牙签将没有震破的气泡挑开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQIaYoIGMc0egGKFuNa4mWp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、烤箱开热风功能,上下火70度,把烤盘放进去进行晾皮,时间大概是20-30分钟。晾皮的时候可以打开烤箱用手触摸表面,表面有弹性又不粘手就是晾好皮了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnICkUQ6eGWUeESw8Ko2gcid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":4114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马卡龙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b34880f43866414aa58ecd0175b2e672","width":4116},"text":"","id":"doxcnWwCo6Ke2WSEkYZ3hjNrfih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、晾好皮后把烤盘取出来,对烤箱进行预热,上下火170度,预热好后把烤箱放进去,烘烤7分钟左右,然后上下火调成120度烘烤13分钟左右。时间和温度仅供参考,大家根据自家的烤箱脾气进行调节。总体上来说是先用高温把裙边烤出来,然后再用低温烤熟内部。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2ums4YAoCKSMYbKYaYLWAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、冷却后把夹馅填充上即可。放冰箱冷藏后味道更好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq2EWyOqAWW0CEJcOdg2zcg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"面包的做法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngKIs8u4OaAyqKg210AZthc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相对饼干、蛋糕来说,面包从选面粉到和面再到发酵,再到二次发酵,每一道工序都关乎成功的关键,每一个步骤都是新手必学的重点,那今天我们就来看看,学做烘焙必须的三个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUSgG2MUeUiYaywbSnSsXg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"和面、搅面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ac4wQIEMQE6MnyCBsahsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做面包烘焙,首先第一个步骤,是和面,而在西点烘焙中,最主要的是搅面。面包制作常选用高筋面粉,其含有极高的蛋白质,而做烘焙,一般不是人工手动和面,一般都是使用面包机或者是厨师机来完成,机器不停的搅拌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE8kQ8mCuCQs4eyZKIi0Qwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在机器搅拌过程中,把面粉中的筋度一步一步加强,直到搅拌面团可以形成一层薄膜,用手能轻易的拉出透光的膜,用手指捅不易破裂,这个时候的面团就达到了完全阶段,那制作面包烘焙的第一个重要步骤也就算完成,面粉筋度达到最强,那制作出来的面包也就更有弹性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngau86aY224us4LiCsln4gg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":599,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"和面、搅面","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eb7b6046d872425a86f833615748ee33","width":898},"text":"","id":"doxcnI66uq64uoWg8s5uYIXJNah"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发酵","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnecwyk8Wc8kkw4su5HsGKNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"西点烘焙发酵和中式面食发酵很大程度相同,但有小部分是有区别的,一样的是需要进行三个步骤。第一次发酵,发酵之后醒面,醒面之后再进行二次发酵,二次发酵完成后即可完成整个发酵过程,这个过程对于整个烘焙来说是极为重要的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWeOuciykUC2m4iqiavHkke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先我们来讲讲第一次发酵,第一次发酵,可以用面包机来定时发酵,但这个适合冬天,因为自然温度较低,但是如果是夏天,空气温度足够,(大概室温达到25度的时候)那就可以完全采用自然发酵,但如果室温低于20度的时候,那就不得不在面包机中发酵。在面包机总,一般发酵一个小时即可,面团在第一次发酵的过程中,慢慢从面粉变成了有生命力的组织,使面团有了味道,发酵赋与了面粉活力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sIO4GgcuWWMU5j6IMVCug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其次我们来讲讲醒面,第一次发酵完成之后,要注意把面粉中的空气排除,让分割后的面团面筋松弛,使后面的整形变的容易进行,所以必须要来一次醒发过程,其实这个过程很简单,在第一次发酵后,面团一般会涨至两倍左右大,只要用手指蘸上面粉戳一个深洞,洞口不发生塌陷,也不回缩,即一发完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0iUgCwG8KO40yCiHiPYB2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"醒面过程完成之后,我们就进行二次发酵,二次发酵比第一次发酵所需温度要高,通常20-30摄氏度适合,太低面团变硬,并且影响发面速度,而太高,面团则会更软塌,虽然时间会更快。所以二发不但要有20至35的温度,还要有85%湿度来使得面团表皮不失水,所以一般我们都依靠烤箱来完成二发,进入烤箱二发的时候,烤盘下面要加一碗约40度热水,尤其是到了冬天,热水冷掉了要拿出从新替换,使得最后发酵达到最完美的效果,时间约40分钟至50分钟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4OW2KsQSsuEcTGjzwUepc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":436,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"发酵","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da43af05fb524b77bf94b334ab7fb6ac","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnG0awI8iM848moPxWHdhtFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘烤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnseCeksMseKi2WSuRlYHITh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是第三个重要的步骤,一般大家都知道,为了让面包看起来更加有光泽有食欲,一般会在面包表面刷上一层蛋液,另外就是关于烤面包的需要掌握的火候,而烤面包的火候也有三个步骤,就是“先低、后高、再低”的不同火候,这样可以烤制出合乎质量要求的面包,但是要特别注意视情况而定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6iggigIM0ooamArWt6mYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于火的三个阶断","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEcisIcI8W64YA9kBNvtbug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般是这样,第一阶段上火要低(120℃左右),底火要高(不超过250~260℃),这样既可以避免面包表面很快定形,又能使面包膨胀适度。第二阶段上火、底火都要高,上火可达270℃,底火不超过270~300℃,使面包定形。第三阶段逐步将上火降为180~200℃,底火降为140~160℃,命名面包表面焦化,形成鲜明色泽,并提高香味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wkuSgCcuUqUaKSUgbzT6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"面包种类和做法很多,今天教大家几款常规面包做法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wEYmEAasiC4AFMvtnqBMb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坚果大列巴面包","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncO840AiccmeIGe2oDtFZXd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":732,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坚果大列巴面包","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1eeb33b22024e04b2798964f40263a3","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcncW8800SUK8Q6GRbVFLUHhC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食材:面包粉400g、奶粉15g、酵母8g、盐4g、绵白糖65g、牛奶200g、鸡蛋1个、色拉油25g、黄油25g、坚果仁150g。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2oKgu4ccWuwgy0YhIg1pfh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":974,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坚果大列巴面包","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f3e9d2bd03294280a05d257815bab288","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnw6wKySSm66sokVTDzlKjcd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQQosIeyyc4wM46rvhxQhle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、准备好所有食材。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMKaCiuS4YywEohQNkFauzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、除了黄油、坚果之外,按先液体后固体的顺序,将材料放到揉面桶中,揉至扩展阶段,加入黄油后,再揉至完全扩展阶段,可拉出的薄膜不易破,洞眼边缘呈光滑状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IiG8ogaYeygspIjVQPlMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、面团整理成光滑面团,放至温暖处发酵,约28度左右,湿度为75%,发酵至2倍大,手沾面粉,面团扎眼不回缩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKg6k28YgOwow1nXpJRw8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、面团再次揉搓排气,分成两等份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8iYyu06AE0iWYbzem1erd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、取一个面团擀开,平铺上适量的干果,卷起后放于烤盘上,进行二次发酵,涮上蛋液,烤箱200度预热,转170度上下火烤35分钟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW4ya2YsA48oIQHKBtrtjWe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡奶蛋白吐司","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ28MekAo2Yy6s8Xkp2bHlD"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":768,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡奶蛋白吐司","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3e72c465f1c34cbd9487061144cdec43","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnisCwEyaIMq2OJbhr6kGhGK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食材:高粉280g、酵母3.5g、绵白糖23g、淡奶油60g、蛋清80g、盐3g、无盐黄油15g、清水70g","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoYkGc062WGmykPpD233xRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做法步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQggKCkGsQwwmAfW9iFuddc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、除了黄油之外,食材按使方法先液体后固体顺序放到面桶中,揉至扩展阶段后加入软化的黄油,再揉于完全扩展阶段,可拉出薄膜且不易破。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWkKYC8Y6GmCsF9jPkncUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":981,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡奶蛋白吐司","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d14b3e101dfc4f0fba8b2e99359c78ba","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnaugo864qgeaGQTgHhAfNgd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、面团收圆后盖好进行发酵至2倍大,再次揉搓光滑,分成三等分,醒发15分钟后,擀成长舌状,从一边卷起。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQA6Kw8Yakcksz7bMQE2wc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":964,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡奶蛋白吐司","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/21a664872c0e4be3aa78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8. cywe包是什么品牌中文叫什么
素描是一切绘画的基础,这是研究绘画艺术所必须经过的一个阶段。狭义上专指用于学习美术技巧、探索造型规律、培养专业习惯的绘画训练过程。
如何选择工具
素描是一种正式的艺术创作,以单色线条来表现直观世界中的事物,不同的笔触营造出不同的线条及横切关系和节奏、主动与被动的周围环境、平面、体积、色调、及质感。不同的作品则需要不同的工具语言来表述,才能更加体现画面的效果,作品才能成功。
干笔适宜作清晰的线条,水笔宜于表现平面;精美的笔触可用毛笔挥洒,而广阔的田野则可用铅笔或粉笔去勾勒。炭笔是两者都可兼用的。对工具的理解是完成好一幅作品的首要条件。
笔
铅笔
美术铅笔的铅芯有不同等级的软硬区别,硬的以"H"为代表,如:1H、2H、3H、4H等,前边数字越大,硬度越强,即色度越淡;软的以"B"为代表,如:1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B等,数字越大软度越强,色度越黑;学生用铅笔一般是HB形,软硬适中。对于初学绘画的可从HB到4B中选择三种类型就可以了。
推荐
辉柏嘉、施德楼、三菱、中华、马可、凯兰帝、老人头、得韵、马利、马培德
炭笔
炭笔的用法和铅笔相似,炭笔的色泽深黑,有较强的表现能力,是画素描的理想工具,用于画人物肖像尤佳,但画重了很难擦掉。
推荐
1、马利、MARCO/马可、库尔贝、高尔乐、中华、奥文、得韵Derwent、老人头、卢浮宫、德福龙
木炭条
木炭条是用树枝烧制而成,色泽较黑,质地松散,附着力较差,画完成后需喷固定液,否则极易掉色破坏效果。
推荐
米娅(MIYA)、马利(Marie's)、蒙玛特(Mont Marte)、青竹画材(CHINJOO)、尼奥尼(NYONI)、海特(Hite)、高尔乐(Kuelox)、卫庄、老人头(lotory)、睿识
炭精棒
炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种,质地较木炭条硬,附着力较强,可用可不用固定液。
推荐
海特索斯
纸
画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行,选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改,如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜,16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸,则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。
素描纸的表面有明显的纹理,这样铅笔上色才会比较容易,另外,背面的纹理也不一样,背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱,所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。
辅助工具
画架
用来放置素描纸的架子。
画夹
宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。
胶带
胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具,因为胶带宽度均匀,画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边
宽笔刷
用起来超级方便的清扫工具,画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候,用它清除就不会弄花画了。
铅笔延长器
铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼,用的时候不方便,扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中,画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。
绘画常识
想要学素描,必须要了解一些知识,具体的如下几个方面:
一点透视
最常用到的就是一点透视,因为一点透视只有一个消失点(灭点)所以也叫:平行透视。
凡大小相等的物体愈远,其形愈小,以至于最后消失于一点,这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置,能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时,可看到2个面,在物体上方时能看到3个面,在物体内侧时只能看到一个,如果物体正面是空的,则看到的是物体的内部结构。
不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中,只要有一个面是与画面平行的,就可以利用一点透视(平行透视)来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体,透视变化不大,但是画的时候一定要体现出来。
站在宽广的平地上向前看,远方天地的交界线,称为地平线,地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合,地平线就是视平线;俯视时,地平线在视平线的上方。
位置在画者右方的景物,看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物,看见它的右侧。
凡在视平线以上的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。
有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误,而且构图会合理,符合视觉欣赏的美感。
两点透视
物体有一组垂直线与画面平行,其他两组线均与画面成一定角度,而每组有一个消失点,共有两个消失点,称为两点透视。
两点透视(成交透视)
两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼,能比较真实地反映空间,可以反映建筑物的正侧两面,容易表现出体积感。另外,两点透视加上较强的明暗对比,物体体感会更强。
认识明暗
明暗产生的原因:有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射,才会产生明暗;光源直射处(向光)是明亮部,照射不到之处(背光)是黑暗部,反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光,我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。
利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:
铅笔直立地以尖端来画时,画出来的线较明了而坚实;铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时,笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱,笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。
铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:
初学画一笔不满意时,就马上用橡皮擦去了,第二次画得不对时又再擦去,这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕,再则画时就越画越无把握了,所以应极力避免。
当第一笔画不对时,尽可再画上第二笔,如此画时就有一个标准,容易改正,等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后,再把不用之处的铅笔线,用橡皮轻轻擦去,这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。
画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了,把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕,往往无形中成为主体的衬托物,所以不擦去无害于画面,有时反而收到无形的效果,这是我们不可不注意的地方。
空间感
在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理,描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系,使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。
前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了,合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小,前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。
入门
画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习,还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节,这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序,就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。
素描步骤
画前要观察研究物体的基本形状,看它的受光方向,结构造型,形成的立体效果,然后用直线勾出它的大体轮廓,再依照光源,确定物体的受光(淡面)、侧光(灰面)、遮光(深面)三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次,使它自然、圆润起来,直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是受光的技巧,比较浅显易懂,有助于进一步理解。
构图
构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力,从美得感受出发,让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法,依照经过设计的格式,一致的比例,或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡;各物体大小适中,整体完整,不可过小,亦不可过大。
五种方法
1、三角形构图,素描静物中最常用到的。
三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式,静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致,适合静物数量较少的组合。
三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成,而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形,产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置,可能会更多采用三角形构图。
2、C形构图
“C”形构图,画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。
这种构图方式使画面具有流动性,更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点,主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置,最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。
3、S形构图
"S”具有曲线的优点,优美而富有活力和韵味,所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受,而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着"S”形向纵深移动,可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 "S”形构图中,通常会缩短 "S”的上部,拉长 "S”的下部,以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。
4、圆形构图
圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。
当圆形被拉长时,就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式,它不仅有静态效果,也会产生动态效果,同时还具有较为明显的整体感。
5、水平式构图
水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中,应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少,为了让画面丰富,各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比,使画面安定、平和,可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置,形成前后的空间层次。
文字讲解不能很直观地展现,可配合视频讲解,进一步理解怎么构图https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
轮廓
素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条,描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形,没有轮廓线就没有"形” 。
一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓,两者相互依存,就是说外轮廓画错了,内轮廓也必然跟着错,内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察,分开来画,分开来检查,必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框,要内外兼顾方可画准。
轮廓就是形状,画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了,就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理,勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化,尤其是轮廓,一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度,因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时,面的长度会越来越窄,直至消失。
如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确,包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微,而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写,勾勒出轮廓,才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定,也要敢于否定和纠正错误。
要想画出正确的轮廓,必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象,就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力,也无法培养敏锐的视力,理解简单形式的复杂性。
进一步学习可以观看视频讲解,可巩固一些知识点https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
排线
排线是素描最基本的语言元素,在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的,这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。
正确的握笔姿势,可以分为两种:持棒式和握笔式
持棒式:
用拇指、食指和中指,三指拿笔与手掌下,如上图,中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动,在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候,笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多,手和手腕不要接触画面,如果难掌握,可以用小指做支撑点,也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。
握笔式:
这种方法就是平时的写字姿势,如上图,这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面,或者在单体塑造的时候,这种方法用的很多,不像持棒式是在面积大,握笔式很容易掌握,就像写字一样画线条。
若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开,因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。
用一组组的线排开,颜色深浅不同,表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时,在背光处铺出一组调子,就是画的暗面。
线只是用来表现明暗变化,以此来塑造物体体积,表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线,只要画出效果就可以,不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果,所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。
苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多,感兴趣可以看看https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果,使物体有三度空间的特质。在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条,使受光面暂时空出,这样就是用大块大面来表现物体,然后将各个块面中细部,也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗,使它们服从大面的统一调子,而大面又必须服从于整体。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是五种线条的画法,实践与理论相结合。
深度学习
速写
速写一般不拘泥于局部的形似,而常以形写神,表达方式简练,对专业创作、设计草图和快速表现都有积极的意义。速写的高度提炼与时间较长、较深入地练习是相辅相成互相促进的,速写画得多,在复杂的素描写生开始阶段也会更快地把握构图和造型。
以素描作画相对的时间为依据,短至数分钟长则半小时左右都可算是速写,因速写的基本特征是简练而快速地写生,因此是画者的第一印象。
对结构理解的深入扎实的素描基本功,在速写中也会体现出来。经常大量的速写训练,可以最有效地培养敏锐的观察力和艺术的概括能力,以及提高快速高效的表现技能。
速写是一种非常便捷的素描方式,其常见题材有风景速写、人物速写、动物速写等。
构图
构图的重要性,大家都知道,单个动作的构图比较简单,原则上宁上勿下。动作朝左,构图偏右即可。双人组合要注意两个动作的主次对比和相互谐调,首先比例要一致,站立的动作和坐着的动作一样高是不行的。场景组合难度较大,透视是最需要注意的,前大后小的原理一定牢记。
人物
人体躯干在衣服的包裹下,无论是厚衣服还是薄衣服,都是紧贴人体的躯干形体。
从衣领开始描绘,形体外轮廓与运动所产生的褶皱相结合刻画。注意海条线条的粗细、深浅、长短变化。
紧接上一步,调整画面的素描关系,可以上一些调子来拉开画面的关系,注意调子的轻重。
注意构图,比例,动态块的侧锋勾画出对象的大体形块。起形要概括,快速,不要在意那么多细节。
可以先把头部深入出来,然后再推出全身。但是要注意五官要画得精致准确,做到一气呵成,不然容易影响后面。
较常用的步骤:五官虚带,定出位置和大小,快速把整个人物画出,抓住大的框架形状和此较明显的穿插关系。先深入五官,手脚与其他最后深入。优点:即使画面随时停下也可以保持画面完整。不会有没有画完的感觉。难点:要整体观察把握,对于穿插比较理解。
坐姿一般选在正侧和四分之三角度比较容易表现,要注意人物的整体动态走势与整个人的比例关系,不要把上短和把腿画的过长。
快速勾出整个人的框架形(如头、胸腔、胯部、四肢,手脚)要肯定整体,可以略带穿插关系,不需要画多。时刻整体地去观察,不能陷入局部。
完善细节:画出头手脚具体形象,并增加灰层次,同时调整衣纹关系,加入裁剪线等装饰。
深入画面:用侧锋带出灰面,增加胸腔,盆腔,四肢的体积感。调整画面主次关系,注意前后胳膊,腿的强弱关系。
默写
默写是脱离了写生对象,完全凭着自己的记忆和理解来把握画面的,在素描的学习中适当地配合默写训练,有助于增强视觉形象的记忆能力,同时又可以训练对画面图形的创造性思维和表现能力,有利于加深写生中对素描知识的理解。其实默写和速写也有着密切的关系,在速写中不可能看一眼画一笔,很多是靠对写生对象的理解和记忆来完成的。
掌握头部解剖
在没有模特或具体的作画对象时,画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力,以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置,做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。
头像写生训练
平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验,在人物头像写生训练中,要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练,也适当选择一些老年模特写生,有备无患。
临摹加强记忆
临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法,也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹,学习他人的经验和技法,真切地体会画者的感受和意图,领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。
静物作画技巧
素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字,一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功:一是形体结构准确,二是黑、白、灰大层次分明,三是中心焦点突出。
中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的,所谓焦点,在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位,是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心,如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感,也违背了视觉的真实。
轮廓线(包括一些局部轮廓线)只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象,用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题,而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。
这条线的表现力是不容忽视的,因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系,它时浓时淡,宽窄虚实,变化无穷,不单单只是一条“线”。
第一是结构,第二才是光,黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构,但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。
画素描就是找区别,大区别就是“大关系”,凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量,它容纳并制约着所有局部,因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”,就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说,它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。
没有局部,“整体”便是空的,而如果没有整体的制约,“局部”就成为散乱无序,所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。
结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称,对边线的虚实处理,三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。
线和线条技法
素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象,并且描绘于平面之上,藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。
例如两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中,得到可以领会的形象。
用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。
线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来,还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。
素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。
透过线条手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描,这个视频讲的比较清楚https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural&vid=2187580955371434233
用线条来组成物体的形象
两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。透过线条的手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描。
用线条区分立体与平面
在素描中可以用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和分清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来。
平面技法的辅助
素描的线条技法还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。
毛笔画法的使用
更重要的是使用毛笔画法,因为毛笔能发挥笔触的宽度和笔调的强度并且能增加空间感和立体感。
艺术性的加强
素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。
明暗
明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界,虽然名字是明暗交界“线”,但是它是由“面”组成的,由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化,明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化。
有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线,所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部,然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分,靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。
结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
推荐书籍
《素描风暴》
《素描的诀窍》
《像艺术家一样思考》
《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》
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Marte)、青竹画材(CHINJOO)、尼奥尼(NYONI)、海特(Hite)、高尔乐(Kuelox)、卫庄、老人头(lotory)、睿识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeYsd44eYoqm2ixCWLkckt7Hnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FsCWdWWE8oceKCxa2VWc8GFCnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种,质地较木炭条硬,附着力较强,可用可不用固定液。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VScSd4CCuoQaIkxPWdpcnF3xngv"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":519,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/94651b89ef034352a732711bb9a7e66b","width":493},"text":"","id":"S864dSwMWoWiiwxGULncMzBEnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIa6dU0o2o0W2AxEnhscQYSbn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海特索斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pcq2dC0C2o4Y8IxqKoacHPHAnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KOIudGsuqoUMmSxMlYqcQJg2nJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行,选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改,如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜,16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸,则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaIedcMCEoyGcexYdKPcBjkinMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cdd242676eb49eab57e63ae38c633aa","width":756},"text":"","id":"HigAdcwK2oSKkix6OhVcFAsMn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描纸的表面有明显的纹理,这样铅笔上色才会比较容易,另外,背面的纹理也不一样,背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱,所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eKdI80GoymiyxmwuEcXO5BnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅助工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BEGqd4megoGeiox6Z9Kci82UnWd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKoKdQgokoI8muxu4tGcezJZnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用来放置素描纸的架子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwkSdySC0oQm6CxWC6Ccf2BnnFg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ef98758bfe348df8d008f8fdaf7efaa","width":527},"text":"","id":"NO8idemqWoAYqUxfZnWcSPHMnd2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKwCduUqioMGuAxq86gc2sZTnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIw8dUgUiogKeQxwl0tcsb5tnNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/26a1c9377b6c42df9629880fe2eaa784","width":431},"text":"","id":"Jmq4dWsYeoEWEcxKm1ac48fAn4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0qsdUUa0ogwsIx4N5gclbMgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具,因为胶带宽度均匀,画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOYdy2aGoysC2xGSj0cL3TDnub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdf8465d2fef4fa09339058e956d479b","width":640},"text":"","id":"RogqdQuaOo8CeCxoTzxc32W3nyd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi8SdKOSYomEEyxi8wZcY5dznyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用起来超级方便的清扫工具,画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候,用它清除就不会弄花画了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYe2deOe4oW2ICxk5KPcDzaEnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":177,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f14e067e832c4531a9b474ed49afbff0","width":422},"text":"","id":"CaY2dSW4ioO44ixOuo3cS4j6n3g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NmcMdYU4eo4QaMxKgkCc9uJrnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼,用的时候不方便,扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中,画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IsuAdkySEoU4kWx4ALQcdzTgnbe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":558,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e729a7fffe8449c4a5562b048af02ab2","width":580},"text":"","id":"VooUd0oiMo88Yux2frpcLqPbnUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TY26dSsayoC8O4x4LmWcOcJAnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要学素描,必须要了解一些知识,具体的如下","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"几个方面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyYmdaSGIogUAIx0KdLcW3ljnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GyCmdomq6oo4iYxiMrkcZrAznah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最常用到的就是一点透视,因为一点透视只有一个消失点(灭点)所以也叫:平行透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8Cdu88KoYImexyYAJc4ASYnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡大小相等的物体愈远,其形愈小,以至于最后消失于一点,这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置,能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时,可看到2个面,在物体上方时能看到3个面,在物体内侧时只能看到一个,如果物体正面是空的,则看到的是物体的内部结构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8OOd68CKo4S8Kxes2dcjLtXn0c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":243,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae757ae854cb4e8395ceb24d81a519ff","width":640},"text":"","id":"JgwAdMcEQosG8axMNEGcXvSpn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中,只要有一个面是与画面平行的,就可以利用一点透视(平行透视)来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体,透视变化不大,但是画的时候一定要体现出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiUgdy0W0o08g8xUDnVc3uAxnGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/15e01a6d0261436baed631ea1cf279b5","width":550},"text":"","id":"EoOqdWCOcoMoYKxg2ductG8fndR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"站在宽广的平地上向前看,远方天地的交界线,称为地平线,地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合,地平线就是视平线;俯视时,地平线在视平线的上方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZassdUYqaoyWkQxYfmQc3CsSn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"位置在画者右方的景物,看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物,看见它的右侧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOkSdGs6go0qY6xodNRcbXPynOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡在视平线以上的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaqedeiMKoC6Caxo15Dc2D2onqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误,而且构图会合理,符合视觉欣赏的美感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EeI2dWwW0o064oxkLWfcN5Gkngd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c7e1a9fc4fc4321808997786ce1e582","width":726},"text":"","id":"UAGSdOgoqoCKgCx2fhFcYVeenBd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAuSdEIseoOK6Ixg3Agcedpwnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"物体有一组垂直线与画面平行,其他两组线均与画面成一定角度,而每组有一个消失点,共有两个消失点,称为两点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSyud0gIyoUuO2xeYORcnWdznde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视(成交透视)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWyAdyIoKocAyExQV7XcmMIxn8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8df8580eb464ca882e696e2fb7b8c84","width":690},"text":"","id":"NkcCdyCGgoOwY8x0GH3cowiknqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQCOdUo22oIA0Sx4ee3c5Q2UnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼,能比较真实地反映空间,可以反映建筑物的正侧两面,容易表现出体积感。另外,两点透视加上较强的明暗对比,物体体感会更强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmQcdKmOyogEwexecwzcVw86n1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1710906bb838478a81867239fdac3212","width":500},"text":"","id":"M4Mkd48cQo6acoxWS0NcV29GnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQWcdgoaCouy68xW6pPcXPhmnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗产生的原因:有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射,才会产生明暗;光源直射处(向光)是明亮部,照射不到之处(背光)是黑暗部,反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光,我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B8W0dUosOo0Iq2x0SCOcf1Xqntc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8675ebfaf5d14cfba70c5a9b6ee5d11a","width":418},"text":"","id":"DS0OdKwi4oug0CxWGugcKAlCnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gse6dOiYuoEka6x2V6OcIhfynWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔直立地以尖端来画时,画出来的线较明了而坚实;铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时,笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱,笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQMuduWGAoA26qxWaSMcSblKnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NeY0d2OwMoCK2Gx0CxVcluOonne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学画一笔不满意时,就马上用橡皮擦去了,第二次画得不对时又再擦去,这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕,再则画时就越画越无把握了,所以应极力避免。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IW6ydaWeGomsoyx2VfccPFZKnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当第一笔画不对时,尽可再画上第二笔,如此画时就有一个标准,容易改正,等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后,再把不用之处的铅笔线,用橡皮轻轻擦去,这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqUKd4usAouMuqx6joBcmQB1n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了,把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕,往往无形中成为主体的衬托物,所以不擦去无害于画面,有时反而收到无形的效果,这是我们不可不注意的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcYOdM8aYo6CIixmYIZcnfXUnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKmudsougoiMA8xshTJcq04wnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理,描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系,使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KoSUdUuwMoqSaWxCAcocEcmVnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了,合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小,前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig2CducEAoy8SKx2Qikc8lpFn6f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":622,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/84942d80d86748bb9f7eb37c9bfcea43","width":760},"text":"","id":"Ui4kdgkkwok2euxs7n9cSb2VnOd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8oOdyS8oow0C6x0UqDc7bgOnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习,还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节,这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序,就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AA2cd8M0EoseMyxYTaTcwmOAnJd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuSQdwo26ooYGcxojXKcWKrVnJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画前要观察研究物体的基本形状,看它的受光方向,结构造型,形成的立体效果,然后用直线勾出","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"它","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的大体轮廓,再依照光源,确定物体的受光(淡面)、侧光(灰面)、遮光(深面)三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次,使它自然、圆润起来,直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MaiqdQuiYoeUskxYHufcdbZTnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这个视频讲的是受光的技巧,比较浅显易懂","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",有助于进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0AYdaEMyoWMYkxKg47c0EGfnKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqkCdc2Eeom44ux8ffacUnfLnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力,从美得感受出发,让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法,依照经过设计的格式,一致的比例,或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡;各物体大小适中,整体完整,不可过小,亦不可过大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4gWdaAAsooCycxwhyXcKwO0nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五种方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWuodeo6Co2eGUxigRGczcwYnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、三角形构图,素描静物中最常用到的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGcYdUiG2oyk0wx0wHKcKUtzn79"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":410,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59023b58506d4e79bc03cc213714f659","width":596},"text":"","id":"NMoOdQSWwooQoAxcZ1UcnHninnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式,静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致,适合静物数量较少的组合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGcId2OAwoYu8qxsp9ecygdmnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成,而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形,产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置,可能会更多采用三角形构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQCAdyw6Uo0WAuxi08dcR5Lwnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、C形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KCgqdQUEKowoG6xkZDjcP5nLnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0eYdgiQKoYcC0xafb3cJm96ney"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":646,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6f207066382a401cafb725e32afcef67","width":498},"text":"","id":"U00CdcikSoMKy2xGqgFcCVEmnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I24qdCkQyogIOoxhQdLcsTuynop"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“C”形构图,画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKMCdcKwAo2Uy0xoPiuc2wN9nvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种构图方式使画面具有流动性,更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点,主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置,最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6CadiM2aoQ0KuxgtEbcwLsqnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、S形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GeImd4uKAoIckux6FyuclZQnnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c1b7736397048a3b5f9bdc9b4d43115","width":499},"text":"","id":"NqO8dsOmAowmgoxegsbcfxP1nxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\"S”具有曲线的优点,优美而富有活力和韵味,所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受,而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着\"S”形向纵深移动,可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 \"S”形构图中,通常会缩短 \"S”的上部,拉长 \"S”的下部,以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUkadCasGoOs8axIhteci8eAnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmuudOkMAoIO6Yxq1RDcDC6An7R"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":420,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b27a2fd424240fab4fa56aede4c6bfb","width":600},"text":"","id":"P0iIdMCWkoe66GxyCItcmCc1nNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T4QQdy2u4oSCioxEXlycSSBunMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当圆形被拉长时,就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式,它不仅有静态效果,也会产生动态效果,同时还具有较为明显的整体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyWedCQ4moOmGOxQnZ9cGXA4nPz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、水平式构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOsId8k2mosOwwxekVacO4wvnS2"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":435,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c135d605279c488ebc6f2f360cc0d4bc","width":595},"text":"","id":"Cc6cdkq4QoEs0CxQh98cIsI1noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中,应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少,为了让画面丰富,各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比,使画面安定、平和,可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置,形成前后的空间层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M664dyokgogOQAxcbMbcuf1on7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文字讲解不能很直观地展现,可配合","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"视频讲解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"怎么构图","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOSKdA6YgoAWeqx0u9zcj6P6nvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSMOdAue6o0ao4x2ZYPcTgufnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条,描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形,没有轮廓线就没有\"形” 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GaMMdWaQOoaWUmxY1m8cjrwlngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓,两者相互依存,就是说外轮廓画错了,内轮廓也必然跟着错,内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察,分开来画,分开来检查,必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框,要内外兼顾方可画准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiGwdiwsEocCqixkTHKchaNZnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓就是形状,画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了,就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理,勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化,尤其是轮廓,一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度,因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时,面的长度会越来越窄,直至消失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyyEd6wumoosE6x2b2Yca6finDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确,包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微,而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写,勾勒出轮廓,才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定,也要敢于否定和纠正错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuGYdkcE0oEeasxSGDHcdlyinPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要想画出正确的轮廓,必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象,就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力,也无法培养敏锐的视力,理解简单形式的复杂性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQqWdIUgyocQqAx2igIc4QRMnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步学习可以观看视频讲解,可巩固一些知识点","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0oEduSUSo2sGcxUcuncdjYGncb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XEqOdgooKo4aMixIxtHctn6fnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线是素描最基本的语言元素,在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的,这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QksEdiSaOoa48sxi4kncZNOnn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的握笔姿势,可以分为两种:持棒式和握笔式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BICGdSS0MoayEExgpYocXhRGn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持棒式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2ysd4oyGo0gmwxw1d6cgTcEnHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18b939712e6f4d15821d1a3d973c0f3f","width":485},"text":"","id":"AMUgdy2GcoEmAcxSkW5cZ3t9nHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用拇指、食指和中指,三指拿笔与手掌下,如上图,中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动,在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候,笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多,手和手腕不要接触画面,如果难掌握,可以用小指做支撑点,也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKUOdU0uSosoC4x3ZvrcmVuXnL9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoMYd0WAEo6u4ixELITcLwZCn9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7e7934451774ccca552f5048dc831c3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AiCmdeWeOou8m0xu22KcoLr2nDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种方法就是平时的写字姿势,如上图,这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面,或者在单体塑造的时候,这种方法用的很多,不像持棒式是在面积大,握笔式很容易掌握,就像写字一样画线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ba4gd8KasowcckxWSCkcrLpJnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开,因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RscId2q0moEwyCxA9mccFrionNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62c26cd40c5c4d918f04a668701ebd78","width":364},"text":"","id":"HMsydweK8oiqimx6SBScDmhgnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用一组组的线排开,颜色深浅不同,表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时,在背光处铺出一组调子,就是画的暗面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McUyd0EGYo2aSgx0IB3ccrTrnlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a6ca78e89c94efd91feec5560af482d","width":358},"text":"","id":"OweIdgI0qoQA8Cx6GXgc6U0VnNx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线只是用来表现明暗变化,以此来塑造物体体积,表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线,只要画出效果就可以,不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果,所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU8Id2464oYKAExEl2ocSiMtnPh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cfff57312b241e9a9bddf315b417fa8","width":364},"text":"","id":"RuiSd28g8o28QgxfHOUcDiSEnvX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多,感兴趣可以看看","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOEYdYwweoo4gexy40fcvhUanre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":722,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/408fd90c2b514bef9dc9528d10fc9efa","width":607},"text":"","id":"Bq2gdsqS8oE8iYxMJqZcBks4nCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果,使物体有三度空间的特质。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条,使受光面暂时空出,这样就是用大块大面来表现物体,然后将各个块面中细部,也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗,使它们服从大面的统一调子,而大面又必须服从于整体。","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026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掌握头部解剖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayqkde26AoKkgqx4KSfc10hanEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在没有模特或具体的作画对象时,画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力,以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置,做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoIsdwq0uoGEmSxqmmlcqe0NnNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"头像写生训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6Wydmk4woqeGuxAzsFcn0UcnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验,在人物头像写生训练中,要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练,也适当选择一些老年模特写生,有备无患。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIu0dQoUuoa8wIxoFKKcz910n0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹加强记忆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zac8d0Aw0o2M0gxmWzkc6sxnnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法,也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹,学习他人的经验和技法,真切地体会画者的感受和意图,领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Humadoem6oq0uWxg3eIc8CKvnNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2eydGeyooWoimx8tCec2a22n8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字,一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功:一是形体结构准确,二是黑、白、灰大层次分明,三是中心焦点突出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R84od4yemoOsAuxqUcacjcDjnwc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":643,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e694013254a1481bb1202c98eabc435f","width":491},"text":"","id":"E4KqdMWocouuKExv1TxcUq6Dnin"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的,所谓焦点,在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位,是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心,如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感,也违背了视觉的真实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ym6CdmUmGosmo0xQjQecM348nFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓线(包括一些局部轮廓线)只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象,用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题,而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0aSdweoEoCWkKxgdWMcAjOFnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这条线的表现力是不容忽视的,因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系,它时浓时淡,宽窄虚实,变化无穷,不单单只是一条“线”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WI4sd8YQkoe6qMxGyKCcVfKTnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWGkdc8oComOO0xk7X6c1sg7nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一是结构,第二才是光,黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构,但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAswdEe6coMGmaxOYROcNHGEnGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":719,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bfad00f0c4d460384ba3c648967a8e5","width":552},"text":"","id":"DYC0diG0qowW4WxQWUDcZqQencx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描就是找区别,大区别就是“大关系”,凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量,它容纳并制约着所有局部,因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”,就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说,它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8MEdyYa6oWQgMxyAIDctUlYnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有局部,“整体”便是空的,而如果没有整体的制约,“局部”就成为散乱无序,所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkgmdmcuWoWSSQxmkVKcUuRUn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称,对边线的虚实处理,三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsWidy2uYouUaKxaEWucNEnonEb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L8gedq8o6oog46xKKTQcuuJcn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象,并且描绘于平面之上,藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIWIduuw2oyCsaxYXesclq1LnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中,得到可以领会的形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMSgdK88eowKyEx2DHmcLcFQnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCWkdUwIEocK8mxiU9AcBuXEnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来,还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAGSdcYcGoEiSSxAFDscjosIngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOSgdy2UUouKcCxQHOtc2sUynoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透过线条手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描,这个视频讲的比较清楚","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AumidSiWcoKW6KxA9IhcASKYnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":668,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68b35d09e0374f19b9f3587b7afbdda3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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeWCd0wKoowwEMxGozfcrB2fnOh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":521,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2bda1868859447928b7e01be87daface","width":420},"text":"","id":"WM0idS0eQoO0IIxQaIAcDUhnnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K80KdesksoSaYYxYlnacpMmonFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界,虽然名字是明暗交界“线”,但是它是由“面”组成的,由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化,明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqUkdg0AKo2YQcxcB7Hcd0eXnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线,所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部,然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分,靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YEQudyISIoOKQyxWms0cxLERnBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoeKdKoUcoWeuAxuwSBc5XQdn6d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X2Q4d6OEMo2Kq2xyoSCcJ4OLnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《素描风暴》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EGeQdyAwioIi4exi6Axc2deTnUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/92fb9082097c4a07bb98fb3391d77f42","width":348},"text":"","id":"Eq6sdWSmgoCCMuxCGjHchzMJn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《素描的诀窍》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CsO2dW6aOo86Ecx6dl4cS29tndc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":743,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7fa92e7b77f049a69af53d7a4e7ef9e1","width":554},"text":"","id":"Domed6wWuoac8Qx4wlEcRSFmnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《像艺术家一样思考》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YsQ8dQsacoO2iQx4NvmcjShVnLg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a09df027dced4945956d521728932dae","width":360},"text":"","id":"H2iKdeemAosUegxola5cpqY6noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Q0dU8AOoC0AyxEXyOcLjBrnec"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":466,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/90a2f27fc9614fb3849e40ae6eab8d88","width":323},"text":"","id":"Ns4KdgGmsoiyG8xdUwPcw2Gpnec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Egi4dYek6oqQUMxqoRKcbbOVnXc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E9. waxy包包是什么品牌
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waxy女包是什么档次
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